درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: The absence or weakness of political structures and institutions in the new Iraqi political and social sphere has led to a political leader, whether in power or in opposition, playing the most significant role in political actions. Therefore, an analysis of political and social trends in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003 indicates that the Sadr Movement has become the undisputed actor in the Iraqi political and social arena. This is attributed to its reliance on doctrines such as Arab nationalism, adopting an independent approach from other regional actors, fighting corruption, advocating for justice, equality, and eliminating political and social discrimination, and solving Iraq's economic problems.Methodology: The present study aims to systematically examine the evolution and development of the Sadr Movement in Iraq, stemming from the reflections of the Islamic Revolution. It will achieve its objectives and findings through a scientific, integrated approach combining historical, documentary, and in-depth, purposeful interview methods.Research Findings: The findings and documentation of the article indicate that the Sadr Movement, throughout its formation and evolution, which originated from the anti-American and anti-authoritarian discourse of Iran's Islamic Revolution, has gradually, under the leadership of Muqtada Sadr and according to the exigencies of the Iraqi political and social arena, reproduced itself from an anti-authoritarian and anti-occupation movement into a new political and social movement opposing the status quo. It has adopted a pragmatic approach and actions that are often contradictory to other Shia parties and groups by highlighting pluralistic identities, symbols, and policies based on Arab nationalism.Conclusion: The overall process of the Sadr Movement's evolution and development shows that Muqtada Sadr's activism has been very turbulent amidst transformations, and this personality has never considered himself to have a fixed role. Furthermore, Sadr has consistently adopted contradictory and unpredictable stances in his actions and statements, which has surprised political observers. This has caused ambiguity and confusion for other domestic and foreign actors in their interactions with him.

Population is one of the key factors influencing security. An increase or decrease in population can lead to security challenges such as unemployment, resource shortages, urban congestion and a decline in education and healthcare standards. Additionally, changes in age structure, density and population distribution impact social and economic relations. this article aims to examine the effects of demographic changes on security dynamics between Iran and Iraq through a comparative case study. The research question posed is How do demographic changes influence security dynamics between Iran and Iraq? In response, the research hypothesis suggests that demographic changes serve both as a factor for interaction and cooperation and as a factor for conflict and competition between the two countries. If demographic changes lead to imbalances in population, urbanization, age, gender, and migration, security tensions will escalate. Conversely, if demographic changes align with economic, political and social development, they will pave the way for mutual cooperation and enhanced security in both countries. the research method is qualitative, employing the analysis of quantitative data. Based on an evaluation of existing sources, the method of data collection has been determined as library research. the findings indicate that demographic trends in these two countries differ significantly and have various effects on their internal and external stability. Accordingly, it is suggested that fostering cooperation between Iran and Iraq should be prioritized to enhance security and promote economic, political and social development, leveraging demographic changes as a positive factor for growth and progress

Humanitarian law, along with human rights, is one of the concepts in international relations that has received more attention than ever in recent decades, and many sensitivities and efforts have been made both in the field of theoretical literature and in the field of its implementation. In the meantime, various viewpoints and schools of thought have tried to interpret and interpret the principles and rules of humanitarian law from their own perspective, but it seems that none of them have been completely successful in this regard so far. In this research, an attempt has been made to analyze Islamic approaches to international humanitarian law in order to ultimately extract the nature, basic principles and common rules of international humanitarian law from the perspective of Islam. For this reason, in this research, by using documentary studies and library resources and from a jurisprudential perspective, we have made an effort to understand the nature and Islamic principles in Islamic humanitarian law. Also, according to the studies conducted and the comparison of Western principles of international law and Islamic humanitarian law, it seems that international humanitarian law with an Islamic approach has a greater universality and not only has entered into all aspects of this issue; but also has criteria closer to justice and fairness in the law of war and international conflicts.

Objective: This paper aims to explore Murtaḍā Muṭahharī’s distinctive contributions to Islamic economic thought, with a particular focus on his analysis in Darāmadī bar Iqtiṣād Taṭbīqī. It seeks to clarify how Muṭahharī’s economic philosophy both critiques Western economic schools and articulates a uniquely Islamic approach, especially in the context of the ideological foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Method: The study employs a qualitative, analytical approach, drawing on Muṭahharī’s lectures. The research situates Muṭahharī’s economic ideas within the broader intellectual and historical landscape of Iran on the eve of the revolution. Results: The analysis reveals that Muṭahharī’s economic thought is characterized by a rigorous distinction between economic science and economic doctrine, an emphasis on justice and ethical conduct, and a holistic view of Islam as a comprehensive way of life. He critiques both capitalism and socialism for their inability to realize true justice and instead advocates for an Islamic economic system that balances individual initiative with social responsibility. Conclusion: Muṭahharī’s vision for Islamic economics remains highly relevant to contemporary debates on social justice, Islamic banking, and the moral foundations of economic policy in Iran and beyond. His work provides a robust intellectual framework for integrating Islamic values with modern economic challenges, ensuring that the pursuit of material well-being in Muslim societies remains inseparable from the quest for justice and spiritual fulfillment.