درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present study aimed to examine the validity and reliability and to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of the Parents’ Perceptions of School Climate Questionnaire (2020) in Iranian schools. The study population consisted of the parents of all sixth‑grade elementary school students in Isfahan during the 2019–2020 academic year. Using random sampling, 300 parents were selected as the study sample. The questionnaire was distributed to parents of sixth‑grade students through online messaging platforms. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 24, employing confirmatory factor analysis. The content validity of the questionnaire items—including student support, home–school relationships, student relationships, student–teacher relationships, academic environment, and interpersonal justice—was reported to be satisfactory. Based on the factor loadings, all items demonstrated acceptable factor loadings; although items 1 and 25 were at an acceptable level, the remaining items showed highly satisfactory factor loadings. Therefore, all items were considered to have appropriate factor loadings. Considering the factor loadings and the correlations among the questionnaire components, the results indicated that the instrument possesses satisfactory construct validity. In addition, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the six components ranged from 0.73 to 0.94, indicating desirable internal consistency. Furthermore, the model fit indices confirmed the overall goodness of fit of the proposed model. Accordingly, given the favorable psychometric properties of this instrument, the questionnaire can be considered an appropriate tool for assessing parents’ perceptions of school climate

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating couples' perceptions of their reluctance to childbearing. Methods:  The approach of the current research was qualitative and phenomenological. The research participants were 12 couples from Yazd, who were selected as a purposive sample. Interviews were conducted until the point of saturation was reached. The research tool used was a semi-structured interview, and the data analysis method employed was Smith's approach. To establish the validity of the data, the opinions of various qualitative researchers and research participants were sought. Results: Finally, couples' perceptions of their reluctance to have children were obtained, resulting in six main themes and sixteen sub-themes. In response to the question regarding the formation of the grounds for couples' reluctance to have children, the themes of changes and cultural and economic conditions were identified. The theme of replacing pets and friends was also obtained in response to the research, for example, replacements of couples for not having children. Conclusion: The findings of the investigation into couples' perceptions of their reluctance to have children revealed that it is influenced by the realities of life in the present era. To improve the situation of decreasing desire to have children, policymakers should apply solutions based on the facts of couples' perceptions.

Objective: This study investigates maternal gatekeeping behaviors and their relationship with demographic and psychosocial factors among Iranian mothers with children aged 2-5 years. Despite the importance of maternal gatekeeping in child development, comprehensive research on maternal gatekeeping within the Iranian cultural context is lacking. This descriptive-correlational study aimed to identify the predominant type of maternal gatekeeping and examine its relationship with marital satisfaction, employment status, age, and education level. Methods: A sample of 386 mothers, recruited through social media platforms, completed the Maternal Gatekeeping Questionnaire (MGK-P) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Results revealed that the dominant type of maternal gatekeeping in Iran was "Traditional gate blockers." Marital satisfaction showed significant correlations with all gatekeeping dimensions: positive with encouragement (r=0.517, p<0.01) and negative with discouragement (r=-0.341, p<0.01) and control (r=-0.168, p<0.01). Maternal age correlated positively only with the discouragement dimension (r=0.114, p<0.05). Child gender significantly influenced the control dimension (p=0.007), with mothers exerting more control over sons. Employment status and education level showed no significant relationships with gatekeeping dimensions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that marital satisfaction is the strongest predictor of maternal gatekeeping behaviors in Iranian mothers. The prevalence of the "Traditional gate blocker" pattern highlights the influence of cultural factors and gender expectations on maternal roles in Iranian society. This study contributes to understanding maternal gatekeeping dynamics in Iran and informs the development of culturally sensitive family interventions.

Objective: This research aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in enhancing sexual performance and reducing psychological distress among the partners of pregnant women. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest measures was implemented, involving experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of husbands of pregnant women attending gynecology clinics in Tehran in 2023. A purposive sampling method selected 30 individuals, divided equally into two groups of 15 members each. Data were analysed with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to compare post-intervention outcomes while adjusting for baseline scores. Results: Data were collected using the Male Sexual Function Questionnaire (Rosen et al., 1997) and the Psychological Distress Questionnaire (Kessler et al., 2003). The experimental group received emotion regulation training over eight one-hour sessions based on Gross’s model, while the control group did not receive this intervention. Results indicated that the emotion regulation training program effectively reduced psychological distress scores and improved sexual function in post-test assessments. Conclusion: Emotion regulation training, based on Gross's model, appears to be a cost-effective and non-pharmacological intervention that significantly enhances emotional-behavioral functions and sexual performance for both women and men.

Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy (EFT) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-TF) on psychological resilience and marital adjustment in women who have experienced domestic violence with self-harming behaviors. Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with two experimental and control groups. The research was conducted on married women victims of domestic violence who were referred to welfare centers in Tehran City, Iran, during the fall and winter of 2024. A total of 36 participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to three intervention groups: an EFT group, a CBT-TF group, and a control group. Data were collected using the Spouse Abuse Experience Questionnaire (Alipour et al., 2019), the Self-Harm Inventory (Sansone et al., 1998), the Resilience Scale (Wagnild, 2009), and the Marital Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976). Data analysis was conducted utilizing Mixed Variance Analysis along with the Bonferroni Test, employing SPSS 27 software. Results: The results of a repeated measures analysis showed significant differences between the EFT, CBT-TF, and control groups ( P < 0.05). Specifically, EFT and CBT-TF had significant effect on psychological resilience and marital adjustment ( P < 0.05). However, the two treatments had no significant difference in increasing resilience and marital adjustment ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-TF) have proven effective in enhancing resilience and promoting marital adjustment. Therefore, psychotherapists and counselors are encouraged to incorporate these approaches to strengthen resilience and foster interpersonal skills in women affected by domestic violence.