grounded theory

Teacher efficacy is an essential psychological variable which is linked to student achievement, motivation, and even student self-efficacy. Moreover, teachers' self-efficacy beliefs play an essential role in the context of reform initiatives by mediating any behavioral change. The relevant literature reports conflicting findings on the sources, however. Such being the case, the present study aimed at speculating on the sources of self-efficacy among Iranian EFL teachers who participated in this study. To this aim, individual interviews were conducted with 18 English language teachers teaching in middle schools up to the point when data saturation was achieved. Moreover, the participating teachers were asked to keep journals in order to keep a record of the significant experiences that captured their attention concerning their self-efficacy beliefs during one semester. The data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures in which open, axial, and selective coding were applied to extract the themes (Corbin & Strauss, 1990). The results of the study indicated that Bandura's (1997) four sources of self-efficacy information including mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological/emotional states played a crucial role in forming Iranian EFL teachers' efficacy beliefs. In addition to these sources, "teacher competence" and “contextual factors” appeared as two other influential factors affecting Iranian EFL teachers’ efficacy beliefs.

Many companies around the world face corruption and suffer from its negative consequences. Considering the destructive effects of corruption upon private sector enterprises, urges the need for developing a model in this area. Regarding the fact that most researches till now have been in the public sector, adds to this urgency. Thus the purpose of this study is to articulate a model for fighting private sector corruption. The research method used is Grounded Theory. Using a theoretical sampling method, twenty one semi-structured interviews with experts from Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture were conducted. The government departments in charge of fighting private sector corruption were added. Open, axial and selective coding were applied. Based on the findings, the main category was divided into two financial groups: 1) direct and 2) indirect. Also twelve concepts were classified as individual, interpersonal of casual factors. Moreover, seventeen concepts in context platform template and eleven interfering factors concepts were identified. Besides, twenty eight concepts were distinguished in the form of individual, interpersonal, organizational, inter-organizational and environmental of consequences factors. Furthermore, twenty-five concepts in the form of preventive, control and fighting corruption strategies were diagnosed.

The main purposes of this study are identification, modeling and ranking of factors influencing the brand hate.  To do this, mixed approaches of qualitative and quantitative have used. In the qualitative approach, the grounded theory method has considered. Hence, the opinions of 18 sale managers in the field of home appliance, as experts, collected and analyzed. The results of analyzing in 3 steps of grounded theory with MAXQDA software revealed that 14 variables affect the brand hate which are placed in 3 groups of casual condition, external factors and main variables. The results of this section was approved by 10 indicators of Strauss and Corbin. In the next section, for understanding the importance and rank of each variables in brand hate, TOPSIS method has used. The results of this section showed that among main variables, experimental avoidance; among casual condition, marketing and advertisement and among external factors, competition had highest importance.

The objective of the present study is to provide a strategic entrepreneurial marketing model in the construction industry in the construction companies of the north of the country using the Grounded theory. The present study is a qualitative research which uses Grounded theory by focusing on deep and semi-structured interview and providing an entrepreneurial strategic marketing strategy. In this study, 30 interviews were conducted on university and construction industry experts in construction companies of the north of the country to reach a consensus that was carried out using snowball sampling. Data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding and the case studies were presented. In the current study, instead of testing the theory and confirming or rejecting it, it was presented limited to reality. The collected data were analyzed using Nvivo software and the components were identified. The results indicated that the causal conditions affecting strategic entrepreneurial marketing include communication capabilities, organizational capability, organizational strategy, management support and organization and organizational systems. The intervening condition include relationship orientation, environmental capability, and corporate governance, and ground conditions include system thinking, application of technology and organizational culture. Furthermore, the proposed strategies include intellectual capital management, strategic alignment and knowledge elevation to improve strategic and tactical performance of the company as a result of strategic entrepreneurial marketing.

This research has been conducted with the aim of developing a model for explaining the technology transfer process at entrepreneurship university. The research methodology is inductive and relies on the grounded theory. First, the background of research is presented in the field of technology studies, technology transfer process, entrepreneurship university, technology transfer process at the University of the Entrepreneurs, then has been interviewed with 9 technology management experts. Then, with the foundation's data approach, the nature of the technology transfer process in the Entrepreneurship University and its formation are identified and the position of each of its constituent elements has been presented in the form of a conceptual model. The extracted model includes factors such as environmental factors of the university, internal factors of the university, the management structure and technology transfer strategy, transactions, and features of the company is in the campus of entrepreneurship university. The results showed that Achieving the technology transfer process at the Entrepreneurship University requires a number of steps and actions based on grounded theory. In this study, open and deep interviewing, library documents and notes were used to collect data. Sampling method is theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling is a purposeful sampling The researcher tries to examine the subject and the phenomenon by using the knowledge and knowledge of the most informed individuals about the subject of research. Theoretical sampling continued until the categories reached theoretical saturation.

The emergence of new issues and complexity of them, involve formulating and implementing intelligent policies in government. Therefore, the concept of ”policy capacity” has been emerged in different dimensions of governance. Promoting the policy-making capacity of government, means the ability of government in identification of issues, formulating of high quality and convenience policies and coordinating of policymaking process. In this regards, This Research is going to design a model to explore the different elements of policymaking capacity in government. Therefore, drawing upon mixed method design, in the first step by using semi-structured interview, many data was collect and in a recursive way, the core categories of policymaking capacity extracted and named. According to model, the institutional factors, policy-making infrastructure, policymaking capability, and interaction with environment, recognized as a causal condition for policymaking capacity. In addition, in our grounded theory model, the category of good policymaking considered as a strategy for core category (policymaking capacity). In addition, the intervening variables and contextual conditions in implementing good policymaking strategy in government extracted and named. The categories of organizational and managerial capacity along with extra role capacity of policy maker constitute the intervening condition of government. Contextual conditions that influence in good policymaking strategy were named in five categories of international, social, political, economic, and technological conditions. Finally, the consequences of implementing good policy making in government were named in three categories of governmental consequence, national consequence and policy maker consequence. In the second phase of the research, all parts of the policy making capacity theory, using structural equation model were tested in AMOS graph 18. Research Results Show Significance of Measurement and Structural Models at the 0.95 Confidence Level .

The present study is an applied developmental study and from the point of view of data collection is a qualitative one. The strategy applied in this study is the grounded theory as a systematic and qualitative approach toward creating a hypothesis. The main aim the present study follows is to design a model for the pathology of running public policies in Iran. The data was collected through face to face, profound 60 to 90 minute interviews with 20 of prominent policy makers, executives and professors asking questions on challenges of running public policies. Sampling was conducted theoretically. Initially, a set of basic concepts were recollected via coding process and categories were extracted from them. Later, in axial coding stage, the relationship between these categories was determined through coding paradigm. Then, in the selective coding stage, each part of the model was explained. The advantage of this study over other works of research conducted on the pathology of running public policies is presenting a comprehensive and practical model attempting to consider all parameters affecting an unsuccessful public policy. The present study tries to demonstrate a holistic view and identify the challenges in public policy environment, challenges of the policy in public environment, and challenges of running a public policy ending in the failure of a public policy in order to elaborate on the outcomes of a failed policy.

Recently, understanding the anomalies in financial markets have severely chal-lenged the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). The price momentum is one of the anomalies described as the unexplained short-term return by Fama and French (1996). The present research strives for modeling the price momentum of winner stock in the Iranian capital market. The grounded theory method was used to explain this phenomenon. To this end, in-depth interviews were held with 32 experts operating in the professional and academic fields in 2018. The collected data was encoded in three steps, and the results were presented as a conceptual paradigm. The research findings identified the momentum causal factors in the behavioral level, the background factors in the social, macroeconomics, and mar-ket levels, the intervening factors in the global economics, macroeconomics, mar-ket, and company levels, and the strategies in the social, macroeconomics, market, the investment and finances institutions, and consequences factors in market level. The research findings suggest that the winner stock price momentum phenomenon should not be considered a speculation opportunity. Rather, it is an anomaly that has to be regulated with the proposed strategies according to the experts. The consequences of the adoption of these strategies include the stable and normal income for the market actors, the decrease in the loss inflicted on natural persons due to the market volatility, the management of anomalies, more effective attrac-tion and allocation of liquid capitals, the reduced credit risk of brokerages, and the acceleration of liquidation in the market.

Today, businesses need to manage their customer experience to succeed. Therefore, they must first have a clear understanding of the meaning of the customer experience. Customer experience management is a process-focused strategy around the needs of each customer that seeks to find a win-win strategy for both parties. The banking industry that provides financial services to customers requires special attention to the customer. Banking experiences for managers in this area are challenging because they are influenced by some elements that are within the control of managers and employees, as well as some elements that are beyond the control of managers. The purpose of this study was to design a desirable model of banking services based on customer experience. The data were collected from the bank branches by applying the data-based theory and performing in-depth interviews using the protocol based on multiple targeted sampling (Snowball Sampling). Moreover, using the open coding, axial coding and selective coding using ATLAS.ti software, the categories and themes are identified. The results show that bank interior design, brand equity, verbal advertising and bank staff skills have an effect on the loyalty, return and customer satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the Integrated Brand Engagement (IBE) with inductive approach based on data collected through interviews at Iran Khodro, Saipa, Bahman Group, Kerman Motor and Pars Khodro (during 2008-2010). The interviewees are Iranian automobile brand experts. Applying the grounded theory (GT), we could theorize the process in shaping IBE with the aim of proposing an integrated picture of brand engagement as a third paradigm. Bearing in mind the strategic role of the proposed topic in companies’ survival, we got into introducing brand for recognizing the engagement factors and then created the integrated brand engagement which let automobile industries’ owners foresee and determine better. In this theory, "Brand Equity" is the central phenomenon whereas “Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) " is the causal condition. The central phenomenon is expressed in a set of actions and interactions, which is referred as “Customer Engagement". On the other hand, the Integrated Brand Communication (IBC) (as context conditions) and Shareholders Engagement elements (as intervening conditions) stabilize and expand the concept of engagement in the proposed model. The main consequence of this phenomenon is “Brand Engagement” leading to increase the long-term loyalty of customers, staffs and shareholders. These conditions lead all people who directly and/or indirectly involve with brand to advocate the brand because they have sense of belongingness and engagement to the brand even if they do not buy that product.

The history of branding in Iran dates back to a few decades and its importance has recently been recognized by businessmen. The present study aims to add to the scientific aspect of branding, clarify the issue of branding, identify its principles and provide guidance for those making decisions in branding issues. Hence, the objective of this study is to provide a model for branding sporting sportswear in Iran . In the category of basic and data-based researches, this research is of mixed nature. This kind of study includes predetermined and emergent methods, open-ended and closed-ended questions, various forms of data, content and statistical analysis, and the final conclusions are based on the findings obtained from both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The present study was done using the exploratory tool compilation plan and based on it; the qualitative aspect of the research was done. Purposeful sampling and snowball sampling technique were used to perform in-depth interviews. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with experts. In fact, the sampling continued up to the step that the research reached to an adequate theoretical saturation. Based on the results, branding and sale of sportswear were classified into seven and eight levels, respectively. The findings include value creation, customer perception, online sales, accessibility, online payment conditions, displaying other customers' views and monitoring the sales. The research results also revealed all levels of recognizing the customer needs, competitors' activities, sportswear-related services, facilities, identification and pristine advertising that should be taken into consideration to brand Iranian sportswear.

It is one of the major areas of interest within the field of educational research to examine the role of teachers, their professional accomplishment and influential factors affecting or inhibiting the practice; of which, the study of teacher identity has taken on fundamental property. Thus, the present study explored different aspects of a language teacher identity which led to the development of the theoretical framework of Holistic Identity of Language Teachers (HILT) based on the grounded theory. The data were collected in semi-structured individual interviews from 64 teachers in Iran. Employing a version of Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) coding paradigm, emerged a framework of a set of categories in terms of ‘process’ (i.e., becoming a teacher) as well as the grounding categories of ‘Persona Grata’ and ‘Public Persona’, resulted in the core category of ‘Teacherality’, along with three categories of ‘Navigating Strategies’, ‘Conditional Contributors’, and ‘Contextual Patterns’. The final consequence of the framework is ‘Actual Teaching Approach’, referring to the eventual phenomenon of the evolutionary continuum of being a holistic language teacher. The most obvious finding of the study refers to the emergent as well as evolutionary nature of HILT. Following the interplay between self and society in emergence of HILT, the schema was proposed to round up all revealed and unnoticed aspects of language teacher identity which can be implemented operationally to redefine, highlight, and activate its unprecedented role in an Iranian context.

Reading strategies are seen as supportive means to help learners process and comprehend English texts effectively. The present research probed to posit a discipline-specific model of reading strategies for Iranian TEFL postgraduate students. The motive behind developing a local model of reading strategy is twofold: first, a variety of postgraduate students admitted for M.A and Ph.D. programs, either may not have received their first degrees in TEFL or they are TEFL graduates who lag behind disciplinary-knowledge in terms of reading. Consequently, Twenty- eight postgraduate students majoring in English Language Teaching from Shiraz University, Isfahan University, Yazd University and Islamic Azad university of Bandar-Abbas wherein M.A and Ph.D. programs in TEFL are offered were asked to brainstorm their ideas as to how they approach technical materials in English. Conducting a 3-session semi-structured interview with 22 participants and focus-group interviews with six participants, the researchers then transcribed and codified the data according to Corbin and Strauss (2014) systematic steps of open, axial and selective coding for grounded theory. The findings revealed a six factor model encompassing 32 categories. The factors include: a) previewing the content, b) recognition of the salient and pronounced features, C) emphasis and clarification upon the significant features, d) consulting auxiliary sources, e) ruminating and reflecting upon the text, and f) reviewing the gist of materials. As a matter of fact, the proposed model can help postgraduate students move away from teacher authority and develop reading autonomy.

Knowledge Management Pattern for Project -based organizations using Grounded Theory (case study: Energy Industry) One of the most crucial strategic challenges of organizations for achieving success and competitive advantage is related to knowledge management (KM) activities .Project based organizations(PBO) of Energy Industry is responsible for producing , retaining and using huge amount of knowledge . In order to manage it effectively , it is necessary to use a customized KM pattern of which is fit into specific factors of the PBOs. The main objective of this paper is to present a customized knowledge management pattern considering PBO charachteristics of the under investigated Engery Industry by using Grounded Theory (GT). Needed information is gathered by semi-structured interview with experts and reviewing recent papers.By using open ,axial and selective coding,components of final model and their relations are found. Results showed nineteen main concept and five secondary concepts which are formed in “reasonal situations”,”intervention situations”,”strategies”, “central components” and “effects

Teachers pose different perspectives toward teaching. Some teachers share this attitude that teaching is just a job and a sole source of income, while others believe that teaching is a vocational and moralistic career associated with love, commitment, and devotion. This study, in the form of a qualitative grounded theory approach, aimed to deeply investigate the interrelationship of data emerged from teachers’ perspectives toward teaching as profession to develop a model in this regard. Therefore, twenty-six Iranian English teachers, teaching at schools and Farhang language institute, were requested to share their ideas as to how they view teaching as a profession. A semi-structured interview, in three sessions with 20 participants and focus-group interviews with 6 participants were conducted. Based on Corbin and Strauss's (2014) systematic steps for grounded theory, the data then transcribed and codified. The findings ended with an eight-factor model containing 40 categories. The factors include: a) source of income, b) decreasing motivation, c) poverty and inclination to become a teacher, d) insufficient salary, e) deteriorated quality of teaching, f) experience, g) society negative attitude, h) dissatisfaction. The proposed model opens a new window for teachers and reminds the government educational policymakers, training centers, ministry of education, and those who care about quality education and students’ academic achievements to observe income inequality, and salary differentials, increase teachers’ social status, and motivation, facilitate difficult working conditions, reduce resource wastage, support teachers appropriately, decrease teachers’ financial concerns, terminate the sense of socioeconomic inequality, and speak out the voices of marginalized teachers.

مطالعات میان-رشته ای اخیرنشان داده است که امید نقش مهمی درپیشرفت تحصیلی وعملکرد شغلی دارد. با توجه به کمبود تحقیق درحوزه بینابینی امید وتدریس زبان دوم یا خارجی، برای اولین بار،این مقاله به ارائه مفهوم سازی طبقه ای امید برای تدریس زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی می پردازد. پس ازتهیه طرح تحقیق اکتشافی به روش ترکیبی، با استفاده ازتکنیکهای مشاهده وانجام مصاحبه عمیق، جمع آوری داده های کیفی بنیاد محورازمدرسان مجرب زبان انگلیسی تا هنگام حصول اشباع نظری داده ها ادامه یافت. 38شاخص مرتبط با هفت طبقه اصلی شناسایی گردید. برای قضاوت درباره اعتبار یافته های کیفی، پرسشنامه 38آیتمی امید طراحی گردید و سپس به صورت پایلوت اجرا شد. درمرحله بعد، به منظورآزمون نمودن تعمیم پذیری یافته های مرحله پایلوت ، پرسشنامه پالایش شده 35 آیتمی امید برنمونه کانونینس ازجمعیت ایران شامل 228مدرس زبان انگلیسی از استانهای تهران،چهارمحال- بختیاری، واصفهان اجرا شد. آنالیزهای آماری داده های مرحله آزمون، 35 شاخص مرتبط با هفت مؤلفه اصلی سازنده ساختار امید را تایید نمود. بنابراین،عوامل اصلی شامل ارتباط بین فردی، مقصد اجتماعی،هدف گذاری،احساس،یقین،منبع، وتلاش موردانتظارتأیید گردیدند. به علاوه ، طراحی ، ساخت، واعتبار سنجی مقیاس سنجش 35 آیتمی امید برای تدریس زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی در محیط ایران انجام شد. همچنین، قدرت توضیحی تمامی شاخص های دخیل در ایجاد امید برای تدریس زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی مورد آزمون قرار گرفتندوبرآوردشدند. یافته های این پژوهش، ساخت برنامه های مداخله گر آموزشی را روشن تر می سازد تا مدرسان زبان انگلیسی به سطوح بالاترامید برای تدریس زبان انگلیسی دست یابند.

Purpose- Rural tourism, in the perspective of developed economies, is considered as a context-based experience that has a broad range of attractions. Also, it can increase the opportunities to provide services to local communities. Thus, their maintenance has become an integral part of the rural economy. In this regard, the study explored the understanding of rural tourism development in Rudbar County, Guilan province. Design/methodology/approach- This study, in terms of goal is applied-developmental, in terms of paradigm is qualitative, and in terms of method is a grounded theory which is based on an inductive approach. The statistical population consisted of two groups of key rural informants and tourists of Rudbar County. Using a purposive sampling, 18 people were selected by snowball method and data were collected applying in-depth and semi-structured interviews, reaching saturation. To analyze the narratives, three stages of open, axial and selective coding method were used. Findings- Findings showed that the vital commodities of rural tourism in Rudbar are the supply of a mixture of tourism approaches such as ecotourism, agrotourism and participatory approaches such as the view of scenic byways. In the elevated villages near Darfak peak, the commodities are long hiking or cycling alongside Sefidrood River as well as heritage areas. Also, in the development of rural tourism in the study area, the categories of products of the destination, space opportunities of the destination, infrastructure of the destination, cultural support and beliefs of the destination, responsible participation of the destination, cultural acceptance of the destination, marketing for the destination, human capital of the destination, employment in the destination were important. The most important category (core category) was known as "tourism product development policy". Research limitations/implications- Lack of proper access to infrastructures such as mobile coverage accessibility, Internet and accommodation opportunities, frequent cut-offs of tap water in some villages for long hours, and access to tourists and key local informants were among the problems in the way of this study. Practical implications- In order to achieve the development of rural tourism, it is suggested that special attention be paid to the development policy of Guilan tourism product supply in different dimensions. Since most of the incoming tourists to Guilan are nature tourists, increasing the village's service such as improving mobile and Internet access, improving the village's water and electricity quality, travel agency offices and active tour operators in the villages, automobile repair shops, local food restaurants and eco-resorts are vital. Originality / Value- A grounded theory systematically examines phenomena in their natural state in the form of regular steps. In this method, generalization is not the purpose. Instead, the goal is to understand the phenomenon and its various dimensions.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the present study was to provide an optimal model of organizational culture in educational organization of Khorasan Razavi. Methodology: To reach this purpose, a qualitative data research method or grounded theory had been used. Fifteen experts on the subject were interviewed in order to obtain the required data in this study. After conducting interviews, data analysis was performed using open coding, axis coding, and selective coding of Strauss and Corbin. Findings: After data analysis, the paradigm or optimal model of organizational culture for educational organization of Khorasan Razavi was extracted and obtained. This model had a causal condition, grounded conditions, interventional conditions, strategies and outcomes. Discussion: Based on the results of the present research, suggestied such as addressing the current and future needs of learners, changing on the basis of community changes, paying attention to the modern ability of individuals to recruit new forces, the use of active and modern methods of teaching and learning, earning income for schools, decentralization, clear and transparent performance criteria, and the involvement of stakeholders in decision making.

Purpose: Huge economic, social, political and technological changes, particularly in recent decades, have brought about increasing complexity and reduced predictability of the organizations’ environments. One solution offered to deal with such environments is the human resource agility approach. Though human resources play an effective role in the agility of organizations, the integrated model that identifies its dimensions and components has not been yet explained. This study aimed to design an agility model for human resources and to explain the factors influencing it. Methodology: This research has been conducted in the qualitative approach framework along with the survey method and by relying on grounded theory. Related data were extracted from theoretical literature, upstream documents, and interviews and then analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Findings: The results indicated that the agility of human resources as an axial phenomenon is due to a set of individual-organizational, individual-personal, organizational and occupational characteristics. Conclusion: The effects of this phenomenon were categorized into two groups: individual and organizational. Also, in this model, the underlying factors (power sharing practices, human resource management practices, organizational coordination, communication and information technology, organizational process) and interventional conditions (organizational culture, leadership style, self-development, environmental factors) are influential on the ruling relations.

Purpose: The notion of “gender segregation” in the universities has often been challenged with different concurring and opposing theories. The issue has been further highlighted in Farhangian University. Although all the qualifiers in this university, prior to and during admission process, have been cognizant of such gender segregation, some elicit resistive responses pursuant to admission and passing some semesters, and then they present their commentary on the relevant implications. The present research seeks to investigate the consequences to gender segregation form the students’ perspective. Methodology: By applying a semi-standard interview and a purposive-qualitative procedure, an in-depth interview was performed on 33 students studying at least 5 semesters in the university, and the interview was terminated based on theoretical saturation. For data analysis, grounded theory was applied. Finding: The research findings were divided into 18 principal categories, and the category “dubiety (Tashkik, in Islamic Terminology) over gender segregation” was semantically reconstructed. The consequences of the dubiety were categorized in the two groups including consensus and inconsistent (i.e. contradictory) consequences. Conclusion: In the end, the research findings were presented in the form of a researcher-made model.