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Emotions are crucial in social interactions, influencing communication and relationships. Distinguishing the perceived emotion in conscious and unconscious emotional processing is a key research area with cognitive and physiological implications. This study investigates conscious and unconscious emotional processing through behavioral and pupillary responses. Participants completed emotion recognition tasks under varying states, revealing higher accuracy in conscious emotion identification. Emotions like anger, happiness, fear, surprise, and neutral elicited distinct response patterns. Pupillometry data showed pupil size suppression in the conscious state and enhancement in the unconscious state, with differences in peak pupil size across emotions. Task-related components, amplitude, and latency parameters differed between conscious and unconscious states, highlighting the role of awareness in emotional regulation. These findings emphasize the complex interplay of cognitive and physiological processes in emotional responses, providing insights into emotional recognition mechanisms. This study contributes to understanding emotional processing dynamics and has implications for psychology and neuroscience research.

Resilience is a psychological characteristic that enables individuals to return to their normal lives after experiencing adversity and stressful situations, thereby preventing feelings of failure and defeat in life. In medical communities, due to high-pressure job demands and environmental stressors, resilience is considered one of the most critical components of psychological well-being, closely linked to one’s professional role and job satisfaction. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of the Five Major Personality Factors on resilience, with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. The statistical population consisted of physicians working at Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz during the second half of the 2024-2025 academic year. Following the acquisition of the ethics approval code (IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC.14040.182) a sample of 384 individuals was selected based on Morgan's table through stratified random sampling with proportional allocation across four strata: internal medicine (male), internal medicine (female), neurology (male), and neurology (female), according to the actual distribution in the population. The participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; 1985), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) in Smart PLS software. The results indicated that all of the Five Major Personality Factors, except for openness to experience and agreeableness, had a significant effect on resilience. Moreover, all personality traits except agreeableness significantly influenced resilience through the mediating variable of cognitive emotion regulation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that individuals’ level of resilience is influenced by their personality traits and the factors affecting their emotion regulation.

Objective: Family risk factors such as ineffective parenting by parents, especially mothers, can affect emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents and increase psychological problems of parents such as stress and parenting self-efficacy. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the positive parenting program on parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy of female heads of households with teenage children. Methods: The current research was Pre-test - post-test with a control group. The research population consisted of all female heads of households under the support of the Yazd Relief Committee in 2020 who had teenage children. The research sample consisted of 20 females as heads of households, who were selected in an available manner and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In order to measure the research variables, Domka et al.'s parenting self-efficacy questionnaire (1996) and Abdin's parental stress questionnaire (1967) were used. The interventions were conducted during 8 weekly sessions for 90 minutes, and the covariance method was used for data analysis. Results: The findings showed that positive parenting education has an effect on reducing parenting stress and improving parenting self-efficacy of females as heads of households with teenage children (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, mental health professionals can use a positive parenting program to improve females' psychological health and parenting self-efficacy.