درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Since the prevalence of Covid-19 increased the use of e-learning and its dual importance in teaching methods, this study aimed to compare the effect of two teaching methods of brainstorming and group discussion by e-learning on learning level and interest in teamwork in social studies course. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of purpose and semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design in terms of implementation method. The study population was the third-grade elementary school students in district 20 of Tehran in the academic year of 2020-2021. The sample size was 60 students in two classes with 30 ones who were selected by available sampling method. One of the classes was considered as a teaching group with brainstorming method in a random way and the other class was considered as a teaching group with group discussion method. The teacher-made test of learning level in the social studies course and the teamwork interest questionnaire (Evans & Jarvis, 1986) were used to collect the data. Findings: The results of paired t-test showed that both methods of teaching brainstorming and group discussion by e-learning enhanced the level of learning and interest in teamwork in social studies course (P <0.001). The results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that the group discussion teaching method in comparison with the brainstorming teaching method enhanced the learning level and interest in teamwork in the social studies course (P <0.001). Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of both methods and the greater impact of group discussion teaching method compared to the brainstorming teaching method in both variables of learning level and interest in teamwork. Therefore, the use of group discussion teaching method should be prioritized to improve academic performance in social studies course.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to provide a model of happiness for students of primary schools in Tehran. Methodology: In terms of the basic purpose, the present study was exploratory mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of the nature and type of study. The statistical population of the current study included all specialists in the field of happiness, such as psychologists and sociologists, educational sciences, and quantitatively, all managers, educational assistants, and sports teachers in Tehran, which included (220 men and 280 women). Therefore, in the qualitative dimension, the sample size of the research was 16 experts in this field, and in the quantitative dimension, 334 people (144 men, 190 women) were selected using the cluster random sampling method. The measurement tool of the current research is a semi-structured interview form in the qualitative dimension, which was developed using open coding and axial coding. The formation of the said form was finalized with the help of interviews and Delphi technique from experts through selective coding. The validity and validity of this matter was confirmed with the help of experts. The research tool in the quantitative dimension was a 121-question questionnaire, which was compiled by transforming the saturated interview form by experts and by giving weight to the indicators. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated through Cronbach's alpha and was equal to 0.958. Its validity was obtained with the help of content and confirmatory validity, which was relatively high. The research data were analyzed through the coding process based on the systematic design of the theory derived from the data of Strauss, Corbin (1998). Findings: The method of data analysis in the qualitative dimension including the open coding method, axial coding was done, and after the theoretical saturation of the experts, the model of happiness based on 3 dimensions, 11 components and 121 indicators was finalized. In the quantitative dimension, it was confirmed with the help of factor analysis test, which consisted of 3 dimensions, 11 components and the final model of the happiness pattern was confirmed. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the final model of the dimensions of the happiness model includes, in order, family (parental relations, education, economy), school (teacher, principal, classmates, employees) and environment (culture governing the society, security, rules and regulations, media ha) is.

With the popularity of online games, the overuse of these games has raised concerns. The literature has mainly conceptualized players’ psychosocial characteristics as risk factors for game addiction. However, many studies have confirmed that game structural characteristics play a more important role in players’ experience. Similarly, this research investigates how interactive affordances of World of Warcraft motivate players to play the game excessively. We have used two qualitative methods of Think-aloud protocol and in-depth interviews with World of Warcraft players. We recruited 35 World of Warcraft players from Singapore Nanyang Technological University in May 2021. Twenty of them participated in the in-depth interview and 15 of them participated in Think-aloud protocol sessions. We found that strong social ties in persistent groups encourage excessive gaming and causes sleep deficits, bad eating habit and ignoring real-life duties. Intra-group competition for outperformance encourages excessive gaming because players receive powerful items if they spend more time on gaming. Rewards and contingent tasks that are designed in games to encourage playing the game with time encourage players to play the game excessively. Finally, after explaining about gaps in knowledge, we discuss how our findings contribute to the literature. Implications for future research and insights to game addicts are provided.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to present a model of personal self-efficacy of secondary school teachers Methodology: The method of this research was qualitative and the data theory theory paradigm model was used. The statistical population included experts, specialists, officials and experts on education and faculty members in the fields of educational management and psychology, Using purposive sampling method with maximum diversity to achieve theoretical saturation, 21 people were interviewed as semi-structured interviews. For validity and validity of the data, two methods of reviewing participants and reviewing non-participating experts in the research were used. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA software during three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Findings: The findings showed that 27 general categories within the framework of the paradigm model, in three categories of effective planning and evaluation, environmental conditions and respect and motivational and social characteristics of the job (causal conditions), in seven categories of constructive interaction and ethics Teaching skills and teaching competence, decision-making and problem-solving skills, teacher morale and perseverance, classroom management, student involvement and application of teaching methods (central phenomenon of personal self-efficacy of secondary school teachers), in four categories of management style and facilities, Students’ motivation and skills, competitive environment and successful models and characteristics of teachers (background conditions), in four categories: system inadequacy, economic and cultural problems, educational and attitude challenges, and processes and standards (intervening conditions), in five Creating dynamic self-efficacy structures and centers, encouraging and increasing teachers’ skills, improving teachers’ motivation and commitment, and establishing professional systems in education (strategies), in four categories: improving teacher satisfaction and relationships between teachers and students, improving the quality of education and Teaching, reducing burnout and improving mental health, modeling self-efficacy and improving performance (PIA) Mods) has been extracted. Conclusion: Teachers’ personal self-efficacy includes three components: self-efficacy for student engagement, self-efficacy for classroom management, and self-efficacy for teaching strategies

Purpose: The aim of this study was a comparative study of media literacy curriculum policy in the educational system of leading countries and Iran. Methodology: The approach of the research was qualitative approach and the method used in it was comparative-analytical method. The research population in this study included all valid scientific documents, including books, articles in specialized journals related to media literacy, from which the works related to the subject were selected using purposive sampling method and appropriate to the research objectives of the case. Were analyzed and data were collected by documentary method, Descriptive analysis method was used in data analysis. Based on the research question, a framework for data analysis was considered. Based on this framework, the required data from available resources were selected, organized, and then their similarities and differences were identified and compared and interpreted. Findings: Based on the results of this study, the concerns and views on content, necessities and goals of media literacy in different countries are largely similar and educational planners try to maintain their cultural identity in the use of different media. . The results also showed that media literacy has been considered as one of the most effective monitoring tools in the countries. Also, according to the results of the research, the most important differences between the selected countries and Iran in this regard was that the goal of these countries is to institutionalize the media literacy curriculum in an organized manner and in the form of codified policies and long-term plans, but in Iran. Although this issue has been emphasized in the upstream documents, due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, lack of culture appropriate to the age of technology and teachers not being familiar with this knowledge, these conditions have not been provided and implementation in schools has been unsuccessful. Several years of implementation have not yet led to a successful indigenous approach and model for implementing this skill in schools. Conclusion: The results showed that the concerns and views on the content, necessities and goals of media literacy in different countries are largely similar and educational planners try to maintain their cultural identity in the use of different media.