درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The convergence of digital transformation and artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping sports globally, yet para-sport organizations face uniquely complex challenges, from precision in classification to equitable access to technology. Despite growing interest, research remains fragmented, lacking an integrated framework linking technological capability, ethical governance, and inclusivity imperatives. This narrative review critically synthesizes contemporary evidence (2005–2025) to illuminate how AI and digital systems can reconfigure para-sport governance, performance optimization, and athlete empowerment. Literature was sourced from major scholarly databases, analyzed thematically, and integrated into a foresight-oriented conceptual model. Findings reveal five strategic domains: organizational digital readiness; AI applications for adaptive training and decision-making; governance frameworks for ethical and transparent implementation; mitigation of algorithmic bias; and future scenario planning for resilient, inclusive systems. Opportunities include enhancing classification accuracy, personalizing performance strategies, and democratizing digital resources. However, risks such as entrenched bias, data governance failures, and regulatory fragmentation remain critical threats. This review advocates for urgent, coordinated action to integrate ethics, accessibility, and co-creation into AI development. Policy recommendations include stakeholder-driven algorithm design, routine bias audits, capacity-building initiatives, and harmonized global regulatory standards. Ultimately, para-sport stands at a pivotal inflection point: without intentional, equity-focused strategies, technological advances risk reinforcing structural disparities.

Objective : Athlete burnout remains a significant concern in competitive sports, with growing evidence highlighting its detrimental effects on performance and mental health. This study examined the efficacy of a Choice Theory-based intervention in reducing burnout symptoms by enhancing autonomy and psychological need satisfaction among elite athletes. Method: Using a longitudinal, randomized controlled design, 156 elite athletes (aged 18–32) from endurance, team, and skill-based sports were allocated to either an 8-week Choice Theory intervention group or a control group receiving standard mental skills training. The intervention incorporated weekly workshops on need identification, cognitive restructuring ("choose to" vs. "have to" thinking), and autonomy-supportive goal setting, alongside coach training in autonomy-supportive communication. Burnout was assessed using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), while psychological needs were measured via the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BPNSSS). Physiological markers (salivary cortisol, heart rate variability) provided objective stress indicators. Results : Results demonstrated significant reductions in emotional exhaustion (p < 0.01, d = 0.72) and sport devaluation (p < 0.05, d = 0.54) in the intervention group compared to controls at 12-month follow-up. Mediation analysis revealed that increased autonomy (β = -0.38, p < 0.001) and competence (β = -0.29, p < 0.01) fully mediated burnout reduction. Physiological data corroborated these findings, with improved HRV recovery (p < 0.05) and lower cortisol levels (p < 0.01) in the intervention group. Conclusions : These findings support Choice Theory as an effective framework for athlete burnout prevention, emphasizing the critical role of autonomy-supportive environments in sustaining long-term athlete well-being. The study advances current practice by demonstrating that structural changes in coaching approaches—particularly empowering athletes with meaningful choices—can significantly mitigate burnout risk. Future research should explore the generalizability of these effects across diverse athletic populations and cultural contexts.

Sport startups are a specific form of new business venture that enters the market in a fast manner. There has been more emphasis on sport startups due to the need to capitalize on innovations particularly digital types in the global business environment. This study examines the challenges physical education students face in using advertising to foster the growth of emerging sports startups. Using triangulation, we collected data through mixed methods. The findings indicate significant financial barriers, such as high start-up costs and insufficient initial capital, that limit students' ability to invest in their businesses. Additionally, a lack of understanding of sports marketing principles and the rapid pace of advertising technology evolution hinder effective promotional efforts. Social and cultural barriers, including low community awareness and trust in new entrepreneurial ventures, further limit market access for sports startups. The intense competition with established brands requires high levels of innovation and creativity, areas in which students often lack experience and skills. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive support systems, such as financial aid, improved educational programs, and mentorship, to provide physical education students with the necessary tools to successfully navigate the competitive sports business landscape. This research provides valuable insights to improve the growth and success of sports startups using advertising.