درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Colors can play an effective role in the level of attention, arousal, anxiety, and motivation of learners in learning. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the color of educational tools and teaching aids and the role of trait anxiety on learning futsal inside kick skills. Materials and Methods: Sixty football school participants aged 10-12 years, who, had no experience in futsal matches, according to the type of color (warm and cool) and the level of anxiety (high and low) in four groups were selected. The participants performed 135 trials during three acquisition sessions including 3 blocks of 15 and they rested for 5 sec between each attempt and 2 min between each block. At the end of the last session, the acquisition test and after 48 hours, the retention test, and after 15 min, the transfer test were performed in the same session in the presence of the spectators. To analysis the data, from variance analysis tests with repeated measurements were used. For the effectiveness of color in the acquisition phase, the two-way variance analysis test was used to compare the groups at the significant level of P<0.05. Results: The effect of training sessions(P<0.001) and the interactive effect of color and anxiety (P<0.028) and test stages (P<0.001) are significant and the changes in the progress of the groups did not take place in the same way. In subjects with high anxiety, the cool color group had better progress than the warm color group, and in low anxiety subjects, the warm color group had better progress than the cool color group. Therefore, in learning futsal side kick skill in subjects with high and low trait anxiety, the color of the tool is known as an effective factor. Conclusion: The use of a variety of training programs along with the color of the tool can improve the learning of futsal inside kick in teenagers with high and low trait anxiety.

Background: In recent years, the examination of the impact of various types of different exercises as the key influential components on balance has gained considerable popularity. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of diverse exercise modalities on the enhancement of balance abilities. Aim: The aim of this research was to compare the effects of different types of learning (explicit and implicit) on the balance of elderly individuals. Materials and Methods: Forty-two elderly participants (both women and men), after initial health assessments and medical history reviews, voluntarily participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: explicit learning group (14 participants), implicit learning group (14 participants), and control group (14 participants). Before the implementation of the targeted learning exercises, the static balance of the participants was assessed using the Flamingo Test, and dynamic balance was measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. After two sessions of learning exercises, the participants were reassessed. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA and Shapiro-Wilk test) at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The findings indicated that there was no significant difference between the groups in the pre-test, but after performing the learning exercises, the static balance of the implicit learning group showed a statistically significant improvement compared to the explicit learning group and the control group. However, there was no significant increase in dynamic balance performance in any of the groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support the claim that implicit learning exercises can have a positive and significant impact on the static balance performance of elderly individuals. It was also shown that implicit cognitive training had no effect on dynamic balance, which may indicate the important role of other variables such as motor control abilities.

Schadenfreude has been defined as the enjoyment of others’ misery; a kind of happiness from malice, which one acquires when one learns that others are lucky or experiencing a setback. The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences of Sulaymaniyah football team fans regarding the theory of happiness from the Erbil team's discomfort in Iraq. An interview was conducted with the fans who had lived experiences (N = 18) and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that several factors affect schadenfreude, such as political and governmental problems, managerial weaknesses of responsible people, past problems, and discrimination between teams. The findings extend the theory of social identity theory. According to the results, the managers of the teams and the officials of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq can provide the ground for reducing the happiness of the opponent's team with proper management and non-partisanship of the teams. Research in the field of schadenfreude can reduce the problems of advocacy and the wrong decisions of managers and officials and contribute to equality in this field.