درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: High-velocity low-intensity actions result in reduced hemodynamic responses. Additionally, eccentric actions are associated with reduced hemodynamic and metabolic responses. Aim: This study aimed to investigate acute hemodynamic, hematological, and electrocardiographic responses to high-velocity low-intensity concentric resistance exercise (HVLICRE) and low-velocity high-intensity eccentric resistance exercise (LVHIERE) in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 healthy young men were divided into two groups (HVLICRE: 40% 1RM, LVHIERE: 80% 1RM). The exercise protocol consisted of five sets of 10 repetitions, with 90 sec of rest between the sets and a two-second interval between actions. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were performed at a significance level of P ≤0.05. Results: LVHIERE led to greater RPE ( P ≤0.05), compared to HVLICRE. Also, LVHIERE was associated with a significant increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and a significant decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system as compared to HVLICRE ( P ≤0.05). Conclusion: HVLICRE and LVHIERE produced similar effects on blood glucose, serum lactate, hematocrit, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. LVHIERE can be investigated as part of the strategy of rehabilitation programs in future studies.

This research aims to study the factors affecting gender equality in Iraqi football setting. The current research is based on a quantitative approach. The research population consisted of the employees of the football federation, players, and football coaches in Iraq. Based on Morgan's table, 384 people completed a researcher-developed questionnaire through random sampling. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by eight professors of sports management. Convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability were checked and confirmed by the PLS software. Findings showed patriarchal culture, gender stereotypes, the variable of gender inequality in broadcasts, the biased performance of social media in gender equality, gender inequality in budgeting and financial support, the variable of public support for men's football, and inequality in accessing to sports facilities and equipment have significant effects on gender equality in Iraqi football setting. However, the findings reveal that family restrictions do not have significant effect on gender equality in Iraqi football setting.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program on post-COVID-19 patients. Method : Three patients (two women and one man) with different severities, from moderate to severe, were selected. Blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen, and body function were measured at the beginning and end of the exercises, which included 12 sessions of arm and leg cycle ergometer and treadmill with adjustable resistance levels. Patients’ functionality was assessed using the Barthel index, and their quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: Regarding the first patient, oxygen saturation increased from 85 to 95, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 420 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 35 to 85. For the second patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 82 to 92, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 390 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 30 to 90. For the third patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 87 to 96, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 320 to 510 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 60 to 85. All the patients showed improvements in their physical functions, such as walking, personal affairs, and quality of life. This functional improvement was higher in more severe levels of the disease. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that pulmonary rehabilitation exercises for post-COVID-19 patients can contribute to the improvement of their status, arterial oxygen level, quality of life, and pulmonary functionality.

Background : There are conflicting findings regarding the effect of various training modalities on the cardiovascular disease mechanisms induced by undesirable modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) factors such as MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different training protocols on the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 gene expression in the myocardium of Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight adult Wistar male rats (aged: 8 weeks) were randomly allocated into two control (Con8w/base, n=8; and Con16w/end control, n=8) and four training groups (MICT, n=8; PICT, n=8; HIIT, n=8; and MIST, n=8). The training protocols consisted of 8 weeks (5 days/week) of Moderate-Intensity, Continuous Training (MICT: 37 min running with 65% vVO 2 max), Moderate-Intensity, Swimming Training (MIST: 30 min free-swimming), Progressive-Intensity, Continuous Training (PICT: 28 min running with a progressive increase in the incline of the treadmill by 2% per week), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT: four running bouts 4 min with 90 to 100% vVO 2 max + 3 min with 50-65% vVO 2 max). Myocardial samples were isolated 24 hours after the last training session. Gene expression was determined using the real-time PCR method. All data (M±SD) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests at α ≤0.05. Results : There were significant differences between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in the animals myocardium after different exercise training protocols ( P <0.01). The lowest and highest MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were in the HIIT and MICT protocols, respectively. Conclusion: According to our findings, the HIIT protocol may play a more influential role in enhancing myocardial ECM-remodeling and fibrosis indicators during lifespan than the other exercise protocols.

Sport, and especially public sports, is very important because it increases life expectancy by promoting community health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of privatization in the development of participation in public sports in Alborz, Iran. This study was a mixed research (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase, the participants included 12 university faculty members and public sports administrators. In the quantitative section, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample based on Morgan table. Amiri et al.'s Privatization Questionnaire (2013) and a researcher-developed questionnaire were used to measure the research variables. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that privatization has a critical role in the development of participation in public sports in Alborz province. Therefore, expansion of the role and position of the private sector is one of the actions that can be taken in this field. It is suggested that sports, health and well-being officials seriously consider privatization in order to facilitate and increase the participation in public sports. 

The current study aims to explain a communication model for quantum leadership, productivity and empowerment of personnel in the Ministry of Sport and Youth using Interpretive-Structural Modeling approach. The research population included all of the personnel in the Ministry of Sport and Youth, and 269 persons were selected randomly as the research sample. The research tool was questionnaires adopted from the literature for collecting the research data. Twelve sport management experts and Cronbach’s alpha method, respectively confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. SPSS software and interpretive-structural modeling (ISM) approach were applied to analyze the research data. The results indicated the optimal level in the quantum leadership, as well as personnel productivity, and empowerment. Based on the results, an increase in the level of quantum leadership in the Ministry of Sport and Youth raises the level of personnel productivity, and empowerment. In addition, an increase in the personnel empowerment level in the Ministry of Sport and Youth increases the level of personnel productivity.