درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The existence of subjective facts in the epistemic sense defined by Thomas Nagel’s famous article, “What is it like to be a bat?” might be taken to support an anti-physicalist conclusion. I argue that it does not. The combination of nonreductive physicalism and teleo-pragmatic functionalism is not only consistent with such subjective facts but predicts their existence. The notion that conscious minds are self-understanding autopoietic systems plays a key role in the argument. Global Neuronal Workspace Theory is assessed in terms of its potential to answer David Chalmers’ Hard Problem of consciousness. A suggestion is made for augmenting the theory that involves another sense in which facts about conscious experience are subjective. The idea of conscious minds as self-understanding systems again plays an important role.

Self-awareness is one of the key issues in life that every individual must possess for progress and advancement in their lives. It is highlighted in the Quran with terms such as insight and self-forgetfulness, and it is based on theological, ontological, and anthropological foundations. Each of these foundations has educational effects. The present study discusses the anthropological foundations of self-awareness in dimensions such as insight, orientation, and values, and aims to address the following questions: What are the cognitive foundations of self-awareness in the Quran, and what are their educational functions? What are the orientation foundations of self-awareness in the Quran, and what are their educational functions? What are the values foundations of self-awareness in the Quran, and what are their educational functions? Background Regarding the significant importance of this research, numerous activities have been carried out in the field of psychology with a religious approach, such as the book "Comparative Self-Awareness from the Perspective of Islam and Psychology" by Fatemeh Esfandiari, the book "Self-Awareness" by Samad Shah Mohammadi, the book "Self-Awareness and Self-Management" by Masoud Noorali Zadeh, the book "From Self-Awareness to Self-Knowledge" by Shahrbano Ghahhari, and articles like "The Relationship between Self-Awareness and God-Awareness" by Noorali Zadeh Miyaneji, Bashiri, and Jan Bozorgi in the Psychology and Religion Journal, no.19, article on the effectiveness of teaching self-awareness from the perspective of Islamic teachings on reducing students' psychological pressure by Amir Hossein Mousavi in the Psychology Studies Journal, no. 30, article on self-awareness and its educational functions in improving human social relationships in the Quran and Hadith by Fatemeh Saifali'i in issue 2 of volume 2 of the Journal of Educational Teachings in the Quran and Hadith, and others. However, no work has yet delved into the Quranic foundations that provide a fundamental and root-based look at this issue and its educational effects. It seems that this article may be the first work to address this topic. Methodology In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to evaluate and analyze the main concepts including various dimensions of cognitive human foundations, self-awareness, and their educational effects in detail. This analytical method allows us to delve into a better understanding of the cognitive human foundations in dimensions such as attitude, orientation, values, self-awareness, and their educational effects from the perspective of the Holy Quran. General Research Findings Cognitive human foundations of self-awareness in the Quran are divided into attitude, orientation, and values foundations. The dual existence of human from body and soul, human's free will, and purposefulness are among the most important attitude foundations that significantly impact the fulfilling self-awareness and have educational effects such as attention to physical and spiritual dimensions, assisting human in the path of perfection, and enhancing human resilience, patience, and self-esteem. Purposefulness is directly related to self-awareness because without self-awareness, achieving one's goals and ultimate purpose is not possible, and without consideration of the hearafter, reaching the final goal is not achievable. Human nature and pure temperament, awareness of capacities, abilities, and shortcomings are among the most vital orientation cognitive human foundations that have a significant impact on the realization of self-awareness and have educational functions such as awareness of capacities, talents, and shortcomings as the starting point of self-awareness, recognizing capacities and shortcomings leading to strengthening confidence, increasing self-belief, and self-awareness. Human dignity, caliphate, and vicegerency of God are among the crucial values-based cognitive human foundations, each of which has a direct relationship with self-awareness and results in feelings of worthiness, self-esteem, and social status in society. Final Conclusion Cognitive human foundations of self-awareness in the Quran are divided into attitude, orientation, and values foundations, each of which has educational effects.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: Throughout history, the concept of human identity has been a challenging topic in philosophy, with the responses of philosophers influencing various branches of science. In contemporary Western philosophy, there has been a shift towards viewing humans solely as physical beings. However, Islamic philosophy takes a different approach, rooted in rationality and the teachings of Islam. The Misbah Yazdi is a prominent Muslim philosopher who greatly contributed to the field and shed light on many philosophical issues. He derived the concept of human identity from Islamic philosophy, enriching it with Islamic teachings and offering a solution to the puzzle of human identity.  He defined human beings based on their soul, rather than simply considering humans as a combination of body and soul. METHOD & FINDING: This research applies a qualitative approach with a critical analysis method. The primary finding of this article is to elucidate the key differences between Islamic and Western philosophy, focusing on Misbah Yazdi's perspective. CONCLUSION: The fundamental disparity between Islamic and Western philosophy concerning human identity lies in the concept of the soul. According to Islamic philosophy, the soul defines an individual's uniqueness, providing them with a clear and stable personality and identity. In contrast, Western philosophy leaves the identity of human beings shrouded in deep ambiguity. Misbah Yazdi presents a distinctive approach to this topic, offering insights and solutions that warrant further exploration.