درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The goal of countries in concluding treaties in international relations is to increase and ensure national security. Each country is trying to maximize its safety in the global environment. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, abbreviated as "JCPOA," resulted from 12 years of negotiations between Iran and the West, which formalized, after being signed by the P5 + 1 countries and ratified by UN Security Council Resolution 2231. Political and legal experts have considered the effects of JCPOA and related resolutions, including Resolution 2231, on national interests from various dimensions. The present study aimed to analyze the West's attempt to reduce Iran's conventional deterrence power from JCPOA entrance. The main question is ‘In addition to restricting Iran's nuclear industry, what other goals did the United States pursue in JCPOA?’ The article hypothesizes that one of the goals of the US-led West has been to weaken Iran's conventional deterrence capability through JCPOA. This hypothesis is tested based on a deterrence strategy. Therefore, while proposing a deterrence strategy, the present study analyses JCPOA and its consequences (Resolution 2231) and its impact on the conventional deterrence capacity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The result of this article is the confirmation of the hypothesis above

Civilizations have always faced harm and challenges in their movement and promotion; the new Islamic culture is one of these cultures. The efforts of human beings who have reached a proper knowledge in the strict sense of the word and have sacrificed their lives for its excellence caused the protecting the understanding and affirmation of ideas, achievements, and cultural identity in this civilization. Apostate people believe that Islam can not provide a framework, law, and morality appropriate to today's world; therefore, we need spirituality as an alternative to religion. Hence, with the slogan "I Am Spiritual, but I Am not Religious," they confronted and rejected Islam and its new civilization and finally blew the apocalyptic view in their minds. The Soleimani school, influenced by the teachings of Islam and the discipleship of the Valy-e Faqih, went against such innovation. With proper and codified planning throughout the religious system, he established the view to reviving the new Islamic civilization in its practical form. Based on the new Islamic civilization context in appearance conditions and its problems, the present study aimed to answer the main question ‘What are the appearance conditions based on the new Islamic civilization context centred on the school of Martyr Soleimani?’. To this practical aim, the analytical method was used with a futuristic approach and collected data with the library method. The results indicated that a multifaceted process based on the second phase statement to the modern Islamic civilization aligns with the characteristics and signs of appearance. This multifacetedness has emerged in Soleimani school and is manifested and consistent in the various layers of the second phase statement.

A look at Iran's contemporary history shows that in the past century, Iranian society has been alternately involved in riots, movements, revolutions  and political instability. To explain the causes of these conflicts, theorists have emphasized various factors, among which the number, type, nature and structure of social divisions in Iran can be mentioned. One of the faults that became activated after the Islamic Revolution is the gender cleavage. This article deals with the question of what role gender played in the process of political conflicts in post-revolutionary Iran.The findings show that the activation of the gender cleavage caused the political conflicts after the revolution to take on a gendered color.As a result,while women pursue specific demands related to their gender class, other groups and political factions involved in political conflicts also have emphasized their demands to attract their opinion, and from time to time, they have highlighted these demands in their campaign agenda.The current research is of a qualitative type based on documentary and library methods,and the relevant data were collected through note-taking of various books,articles,and documents,and the data were described and analyzed with a sociological approach.

Health tourism, as a subset of Tourism, is composed of separate sections. This industry is currently one of the most leading and lucrative industries in the World. Different countries benefit from this industry according to their abilities, capabilities and the amount of attention they pay to it. But Iran is not able properly to exploit these sections due to its capabilities. One of the main obstacles to the development of Health tourism are international sanctions. This study aims to answer the following Question: How international sanctions effect on development of Health tourism in Iran? According to the descriptive- analytical method from the statistics and data of reputable international and domestic organizations and through the following hypothesis supposes that international sanctions, directly and indirectly, hinder the development of Health tourism. The results demonstrate that international sanctions directly prevent the sale of aircraft and its parts, bank transactions and etc. and indirectly, by prohibiting the export of oil, petrochemical products, minerals and crude metals, cause the government a lack of access to foreign currency, thereupon creating the budget deficit and ultimately postponing the development of infrastructure as a base for development of health tourism, therefore, it has a negative impact and reduces the growth rate of its development.

The expansion of NATO to the East under the policies of Atlanticism is one of the current issues of international relations, which has a lot to think about for the countries involved in this policy, their neighbors and the international order. After the expansion of NATO to the east, what will happen in the spheres of influence of NATO and the neighboring countries of those spheres and the conditions created, causes predictions in this field; One of them is the evaluation of the feasibility of cooperation between China and Russia with their own special conditions against this action, that is, Atlanticism. After experiencing many ups and downs in China-Russia relations, these two countries have gradually expanded their comprehensive cooperation since the mid-1990s. In the meantime, the expansion of NATO to the east is one of the important political, military and security issues that has led to the expression of common concern. And at the same time, the cooperation and positions of the two countries have come closer, especially towards the policies and actions of America and even Europe. Russia's concern about the presence of NATO in its borders and China's concern about the close military cooperation of the West with Taiwan have caused the two countries to work harder for mutual cooperation and their development fields. The concept of new Atlanticism provides a framework for analyzing security and normative challenges facing Europe and the world. This work and many similar works emphasize the fact that the behavior of America and its allies in the international system has become the basis for the creation of various coalitions and alliances. From the perspective of this research and emphasizing the threat balance theory, when the hegemon country and its allies create threats, or show threatening behaviors; They will create coalitions and alliances. In this article, an attempt was made to discuss the feasibility of expanding cooperation between China and Russia against Atlanticism by using the theoretical framework of threat balance. And the topic of these cooperation was examined according to the concepts, general capabilities such as (population, economic power, military power, etc.), geographical proximity, offensive capabilities and offensive intentions from the perspective of the threat balance theory.

Political poetry underwent considerable changes in both the format and the theme after the onset of the constitutionalism movement. While poetry and being a poet were commodities belonging to the educated persons until before constitutionalism. They made a lot of efforts in this period to get close to the language of the alleys and streets. In this era, political poetry seeks to express the people’s concerns and it becomes sublime with poets becoming the people’s tongue against superstition and despotism. Both prose and poetry experience subtle changes in this period. To be more exact, the constitutionalism’s literature is formed and enlivened in the course of the battle with the old literature and, due to the same reason, it is novel and it violates the tradition in terms of both form and content. The constitutionalist thinkers insist on pulling words out of the magnificent aristocratic palaces and making them serve the people of alleys and bazars. The goals of the poems in this period are awakening the people and inciting the national and patriotic feelings and promoting the individual and social freedoms and denial of the superstitions and loose and improper thoughts, fighting with the foreigners and westernism, harshly and mercilessly criticizing the disorders and familiarizing the people with their human limits and rights. It was with the constitutionalism’s revolution that the newspapers along with the preaching, discussion and lecture sessions became the primary medium for the conversations and expressing of the revolutionary notions and opinions, and a “public arena” that had been never seen before came about. More importantly, insolence, insult, and frivolity lost their private, fanciful, and exceptional aspects and became completely political and one of the most important and most effective means of the political fight. Such a thing was unprecedented in the political and literary history of the country. Two essential dimensions are seen in the constitutionalism’s literature: one is the criticizing of the past literature and the other is the positing of a novel literature. Zain Al-Abedin Maraghe’ei has the following words in this regard: “these days are not the time in which the masters of pen and thoughts spend their time on simple things, chimerical myths and senseless nonsense like their antecedents for nothing but fiction would result thereof. The present article tries introducing the prominent political figures of the constitutionalism era