درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Balancing the strategy of countries against the power of competitors and threats in their operational environment. In the past, the balancing strategy of countries was very simple and based on military means. Today, with the changes that have been made in the nature of power, economic, political and cultural tools have also been proposed in addition to military tools. The change in the nature of power has led to the emergence of soft power alongside hard power, and the surrounding threats of the actors have also changed from hard to mixed. The question is, what is the strategy of the players in the face of the soft and negative threats of competitors based on Islamic discourse? In response to the question, the hypothesis is proposed that passive defense is one of the tools of soft and positive balancing strategy of countries in facing the power and soft and negative threats of competitors. The findings of the research using the qualitative analysis method indicate that the actors in the modern situation are facing emerging threats that are very different from the traditional threats and passive defense is one of the tools to face these threats which has been the attention of the actors for a long time and in the narratives. Islamic and the statements of the supreme leader of the revolution have also received much attention due to Islam's approach to defense against the threats of enemies.

Can we conceptualize resistance in theories of International Relations? Are there theories which directly or indirectly refer to resistance against the dominant international system and guide the oppressed how to resist and revolt against the oppressors? Regarding this question, it seems that there are some reflectivist theories that have the capacity to conceptualize resistance implicitly or explicitly, namely Gramscianism, Poststructuralism and Postcolonialism. Gramscianism teaches us that the only way to challenge the hegemonic position of the ruling class is a counter-hegemonic struggle in civil society. Poststructuralism emphasizes using ‘genealogy’ and ‘deconstruction’ methods to discredit such dichotomies as the developed and the underdeveloped, the modern and the pre-modern, the civilized and the barbaric, which the dominant discourse makes us take as given and natural; and Postcolonialism utilizes ‘hybridity’ as a sign of the agency of the colonized and their ability to resist domination. This article aims to investigate how these theoretical approaches help us defy the domination and subordination hierarchy in global system and open up alternative ways to understand world politics.

The expansion of economic relations in the shadow of diplomatic relations is considered one of the most important approaches to the development of political systems. This issue is especially important for developing countries so that they can implement an important part of their development-oriented policies by insisting on expanding economic relations with international economic powers. The important issue is that the Islamic Republic of Iran has faced deep challenges in achieving its economic development goals, many times, due to the sanctions policies of the United States. This problem becomes more realistic when the economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is basically uniaxial and based on oil exports. Today, investment is called as the engine of economic growth and since investment leads to the creation of employment, economic growth, social welfare and income for the country and has a significant impact on components such as bargaining, international prestige and dealing with threats. Therefore, Iran's acceptance of China's investment as a superpower in the economic market and its oil strategies, in addition to securing the interests of both countries, will include the realization of the vision of the oil industry and the breaking of American sanctions against Iran. ; Therefore, from the point of view of Iranian politicians, the policy of looking to the East and attracting foreign investment and specifically strengthening political and economic relations with China is a correct strategic policy, which in addition to breaking the sanctions, can lead to internationalization and extensive interaction with the world, especially the countries The Eastern Bloc fought against it with the aim of preventing the United States from building a consensus in the international system and accompanying other international powers.

One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of eco-nomic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its con-texts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Therefore, the issue of importance is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the wel-fare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. In Iran, there is always disagreement among thinkers on which institution is responsible for development. For some, the government has a duty to take the lead in development and to push it forward, but for others, the government is not a good institution to promote development. These groups play a minimal role for the government. This study, by comprehensively examining these two different approaches, examines the views and ideas of three prominent scientists and experts in the field of political economy and focuses on the role of government in development. Azimi introduced development in a more general way and believed that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. According to him, in the developed world, structural guidance (structuring in the presence of technical domi-nance) is unnecessary and short-term guidance is necessary. The importance of the government in the development process is so great in the idea that the main and most important institution of de-velopment is the "government based on democracy"; And he puts the judiciary and the media in the next ranks. Reiis Dana considers the state to be class in nature and does not examine the state sepa-rately from the global relations of capitalism. This lack of attention has always caused development in a fragmented, unbalanced and unsuccessful country. According to Reiis Dana, development in Iran is due to the development of capitalism, because capitalist development in the world is growing unevenly. Nili believes that government intervention in development, in addition to inefficiency, deprives people of their freedoms. Therefore, Nili looks at the issue from another angle and defends government restrictions on the economy and development by prioritizing freedom over social jus-tice.

Money is vital for all terrorist organizations. For some organizations, it is a tool to achieve their goals; for others, it is the objective itself. Terrorists participate in organized crime activi-ties at various levels. Organized crime expert Tamara Makarenko describes the nexus between organized crime clique and terrorist clique. This study expanded her continuum into under-standing the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and its evolution through the organization’s financial sources The Kurdish clique has caused ups and downs in Iran-Turkey relations. The strategy of America and Israel is to exploit ethnic and religious divisions to launch proxy wars in the Middle East and strengthen the permanent presence of their military and intelligence forces in the western borders of Iran. The policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the point of view of national security towards the Kurdish clique in the period 1388-1401 are largely influenced by regional and extra-regional variables in the field of strengthening Kurd-ish separatist clique with the aim of balancing forces and creating obstacles against regional influence. It has been Iran. It can be said that the policy of the Islamic Republic in the form of the governments established in 1388-1401 (especially 1392-1400) was based on the importance of involving ethnic minorities in political power and the foundations of political, economic and cultural development. and provided social.