درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Over time, the use of underground spaces has changed and has been considered for various other purposes. Many US1 built for a specific period with a specific purpose have been left without a specific function today. The reason for this can be considered the lack of a clear and codified plan in the face of these spaces. Therefore, the importance of underground issues related to US jus tifies the inclusion of UUS2 in urban index sys tems. Hence, due to the depletion of activity, many US today have created bubbles lacking function under the skin of cities; with proper identification, it will be possible to use them in the service of cities and citizens. Thus, the main Goals of Current research are -Recognizing the characteris tics of US -The typology of the urban US, and -Solutions to reproduce the urban US. This research is a scientific review, and the information collected is documentary-oriented. The lack of reliable sources in the fields of architecture and civil engineering in the subject of US, geographical extent, and diversity of species of these spaces on the planet show the importance of this research. Therefore, typology and solutions for reproducing urban US are presented from two methods of inves tigating the theoretical foundations and known projects in the field of US. The present s tudy's findings based on the literature review and reproduction of US showed that these spaces could be defined into six categories.

The uneven capital dis tribution among settlements seems to have contributed to disparities in social classes, empowerment, and satisfaction. Empowerment refers to the expansion of assets and abilities; despite the key role of women in Iranian families, their empowerment has been neglected in s tudies. This s tudy uses an asset-based approach based on the settlement types to measure and compare the level of women's satisfaction. This descriptive-correlational s tudy used a ques tionnaire and observation to collect data from 376 women living in Tabriz's Zafaraniyeh and Rezvanshahr neighborhoods with formal and informal settlement patterns, respectively. The collected data were compared using a t-tes t between settlements regarding research variables, and the effect size was inves tigated using correlation and regression tes ts. The findings indicate that women in formal settlements have more capital, empowerment, and satisfaction than those in informal settlements. There is a significant difference between the women of both settlements regarding the research variables. The capital dimensions play a crucial role in predicting women's satisfaction directly and indirectly through empowerment. In formal settlement, physical capital (ß=1.370) and social capital (ß=0.120) have the highes t and lowes t effects, respectively. In contras t, in informal settlements, social capital (ß=0.560) and economic capital (ß=0.136) show the highes t and lowes t effects, respectively. In conclusion, this s tudy highlights that women with greater access to capital experience more empowerment, which leads to greater satisfaction. Therefore, benefiting more from the capital dimension result in higher levels of empowerment and satisfaction for women.

A major party of generated energy is now used for heating and cooling buildings. Hence, it is beneficial to apply solutions that reduce the thermal load of buildings. However, solutions for energy consumption reduction always face barriers. Optimizing window proportions in energy consumption saving is highly influential in this case. The window is one of the main components that receives solar radiation energy but also serves as a thermal bridge transmitting energy from interior to exterior space. This s tudy inves tigates the climate conditions of Kashan. It determines materials as cons tant variables to examine the impact of southern window-to-floor area ratios on the thermal performance of settlements in hot and dry climates to achieve higher efficiency of this element using simulation of different models through EnergyPlus software. This s tudy then examines the cooling and heating load created in interior space considering variable elements of ratios, window elongation, and window-to-floor ratio, using single and double-glazed glass and its analysis considering meteorological data of this city using EnergyPLus software. Finally, the mos t optimum southern window-to-floor ratio was determined. This s tudy aims to achieve efficiency and the highes t impact of the southern side's window of a building on the thermal performance of the building by simulating various models through EnergyPlus software. This s tudy has used the descriptive-analytical method, then analyzed the obtained results, and las tly outlined the priority of application among models as follows:1.38 ratio, 1 ratio, and 1.95 ratio. In contras t, the mos t optimum window ratio is a 15% window-to-floor ratio with 1.38 proportions and eas tern and wes tern elongation using double-glazed glass.