درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The aim of the current research was the pathology of the virtual evaluation system in the elementary school. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey type. The population of this research included all primary school teachers in Miandoab city in the academic year of 2019-1400. Using proportional stratified random sampling method and using Morgan and Karjesi table, the sample size of 201 teachers was determined. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and professors of the Department of Educational Sciences. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation, variance, etc.) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test) were used to analyze the data. The data was analyzed using spss22 software. The results of the research indicated that the items (attention to the correlation of evaluation methods with general goals and behavior, the level of student readiness to enter electronic courses in evaluation, the way the teacher interacts with managers, other teachers, staff and knowledge students in the evaluation of the virtual environment, the level of knowledge and skills in the evaluation of virtual education) are management aspects in the pathology of virtual evaluation of the primary course; and cases (the need for hardware and software and web browsers in evaluation; the possibility of adding evaluation methods by the teacher; taking advantage of digital media and resources in evaluation; adapting the technological architecture to the evaluation schedule of the course; using educational tools for student evaluation; use of technical standards to share questions, assignments and feedback in evaluation) are the aspects of electronic technology in the pathology of virtual evaluation of the primary course; and issues (the extent of using inter-curricular questions for self-testing and encouraging content learning in evaluation; paying attention to setting the structure of each lesson and dividing it into sections of introduction, content, assignments and evaluation; integrating curriculum and electronic environment tools in virtual education in evaluation; the degree of participation of students' knowledge in the learning process in evaluation;

Method: This study is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive correlational in terms of method. The statistical population includes all teachers from second normal secondary schools in the first and second districts of Sanandaj city during the academic year of 2021-2, totalling 686 individuals. A sample size of 343 was selected using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected through three questionnaires: The 10-Item Ethical Leadership Scale by Brown and Trevino (2005), The 12-Item Collective Efficacy Questionnaire by Goddard (2001), and The 9-Item Questionnaire by Schaufeli et al. (2002) utilizing a five-point Likert scale. The face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through expert opinions, while their construct validity was established by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). To ensure questionnaire reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized. The resulting reliability coefficients for the ethical leadership, self-efficacy, and job involvement questionnaires were 0.91, 0.72, and 0.93, respectively. After verifying that the parametric assumptions were met, the data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modelling via SPSS software. The results revealed a favourable fit for the research’s structural model, indicating a direct relationship between the ethical leadership style of school managers and teachers’ collective efficacy and job involvement. Furthermore, the ethical leadership status of school managers emerged as a significant predictor for teachers’ levels of collective efficacy and job involvement. These findings suggest that demonstrating ethical leadership behaviours can enhance teachers’ self-efficacy, thereby fostering greater passion and job involvement among them