درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Online learning is one of the educational channels that learners and educational centers have recently turned to. However, there are still concerns about its effectiveness. The aim of the study was to explain learners' perspectives on the effectiveness of online learning. The present study was a qualitative study using content analysis method that was conducted in 1402. The participants were 38 female (n=22) and male (n=16) language learners from Tehran Language School who had experience in online learning and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected and analyzed through interviews. The overall analysis of the interviews indicates that 63% of learners (n=24) rated the method as weak, 20% (n=8) rated the method as average, and 17% (n=6) rated the method as good. 29 percent (n=11) believed that the method was effective in improving their knowledge, and 23 percent (n=9) considered the method effective in improving speaking skills. 15 percent (n=6) are willing to participate in online learning again and 83 percent (n=31) believed that the most important problem of online learning is the lack of necessary infrastructure and 83.6 percent (n=32) of the participants believe that the best learning method to improve English language skills is face-to-face learning. The findings indicate that online learning is not a suitable method for improving English language knowledge and skills compared to face-to-face education and if it is necessary to learn English online, it is necessary to provide infrastructure.

Speaking proficiency is a crucial skill for Iranian EFL learners, yet it remains one of the most challenging aspects of language acquisition due to traditional, teacher-centered instruction and a lack of communicative practice. This study examines the effects of Differentiated Instruction (DI) and Gamification (G) on the Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency (CAF) of Iranian EFL learners’ speaking skills. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 108 B2-level learners from Safir Language Institute, Iran. Participants were divided into three groups: one receiving DI-based instruction, another engaging in Gamification-based tasks, and a control group following conventional teaching methods. The study utilized pre- and post-tests of speaking performance, evaluated through CAF metrics, alongside qualitative interviews to explore learners’ perceptions. Statistical analyses revealed significant improvements in all three dimensions of speaking in the experimental groups, with DI showing greater gains in accuracy and complexity, while G was more effective in enhancing fluency. Qualitative findings indicated that both approaches increased learner engagement, motivation, and confidence. These results suggest that DI and Gamification are effective pedagogical strategies for improving speaking proficiency and should be integrated into EFL curricula to optimize learning outcomes.

This study aimed to examine the predictive role of frustration tolerance and social competence in body image satisfaction among adolescents with physical disabilities. This research utilized a correlational descriptive design with a sample of 350 adolescents with physical disabilities, selected based on Morgan and Krejcie’s sample size determination table. Participants completed standardized self-report measures assessing body image satisfaction (MBSRQ), frustration tolerance (FDS), and social competence (SSRS). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation to explore associations between variables and linear regression to determine the predictive power of frustration tolerance and social competence on body image satisfaction. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-27, and assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed before conducting the regression analysis. Descriptive statistics showed that participants had a mean body image satisfaction score of 74.56 (SD = 9.87), a frustration tolerance score of 62.34 (SD = 8.23), and a social competence score of 68.21 (SD = 7.95). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between body image satisfaction and frustration tolerance (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) and body image satisfaction and social competence (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). The regression model was statistically significant (F(2, 347) = 90.75, p < 0.01, R² = 0.46), indicating that frustration tolerance (B = 0.42, β = 0.39, t = 5.25, p < 0.01) and social competence (B = 0.56, β = 0.47, t = 7.91, p < 0.01) were both significant predictors of body image satisfaction. The findings suggest that higher frustration tolerance and greater social competence are associated with increased body image satisfaction in adolescents with physical disabilities, with social competence playing a slightly stronger role. These results highlight the importance of resilience-building and social skills interventions to enhance body image satisfaction in this population.