adolescents

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family functioning and attitude towards delinquency in adolescents. Methodology: The research method was correlational. The statistical population of the study included all high school students in Babol in the academic year of 2016-2017. Among them, 689 people (334 boys and 355 girls) were selected by cluster sampling method. The research tool was Fazli’s questionnaire for attitude towards delinquency and McMaster family functioning scale. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between family functioning and its dimensions including problem solving, roles, communication, emotional attachment, emotional association, control, and attitude towards delinquency. Findings: The results of stepwise multivariate regression indicated that among the components of family functioning, only the component of roles explained the 0.03 of the variance of attitude towards delinquency. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that in schools, family education programs should have emphasized the family psychological empowerment and promotion of family functioning. Family counselors should also work on counseling sessions and work with families to improve family functioning, in particular, component of roles.

This study aimed to examine the impact of parenting mediation strategies on family relationships and social media use among Saudi adolescents. To achieve the aim, a quantitative research design was used, involving questionnaires with data collected from 393 Saudi students aged 13-18 years. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. The key findings of this study showed that Snapchat and Instagram were the most popular social media sites among Saudi adolescents, and parenting mediation strategies were affected by family relationships. Just over a third of participants (35.62%) reported that they spent 3-5 hours per day on social media with another 30.79% spending more than 6 hours per day on social media. Family relationships were found to strongly predict the social integration and social media addiction. The data showed a significant negative correlation between excessive use of social media and two components of family relationships (cohesion and expressiveness). Moreover, the results suggest that lower levels of family expressiveness and higher levels of family conflict were associated with social media addiction. The parenting mediation strategies were shown to predict the cohesiveness and expressiveness of family relationships. Finally, technical and monitoring parenting mediation strategies were found significant associated with the social media use and the family relationships. These results contribute to formulating guidelines for parents and policymakers in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia to protect their children from the social media risks.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of marital satisfaction and marital intimacy of mothers in predicting anxiety and depression in female student in Zanjan city. This study is considered as a descriptive/correlational research. The statistical population studied in this study were all female high school students in the Zanjan city and their mothers. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, 367 of 8160 people were selected by stratified cluster sampling. To collect data were used from ENRICH: Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) (Olson, 1989), Depression Anxiety Scale 21-Depression Scale, Marital Intimacy Scale, (Walker). Data were analyzed by regression analysis in SPSS 25 software. Inferential analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05. According to the results, the average of marital satisfaction was at the moderate level, marital intimacy and depression and anxiety of children were at a low level. According to the results of stepwise regression, marital satisfaction and intimacy explain 0.42 of the variance of depression and 0.15 of the variance of adolescent anxiety. In general, according to the results of the study, as marital satisfaction and marital intimacy of mothers increase, depression and anxiety of girls decrease.

The objective of the current study was to investigate the role of personality traits in predicting cyber-bullying in second year high school students in Zanjan. This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all boy and girl high school students in Zanjan. Considering the 15500 students in the population, the sample size turned out to be 348 based on Krejcie and Morgan formula. The sample was selected through convenience sampling method using virtual social networks. To collect data, NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Cyber-Bullying/ Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (CBVEQ) were used. Data analysis was performed through Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS software (version 25). The results showed that the relationship of neuroticism and openness to experience with cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization was significant and positive. In addition, the relationship of agreeableness with cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization was significant and positive. Furthermore, from among personality traits, neuroticism and agreeableness could predict cyber bullying (β = 110); neuroticism could also predict cyber victimization (β = .117). In general, the results indicated that when neuroticism and agreeableness increased, cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization also increased. This finding can be a guide for counselors and psychologists to prevent and reduce cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization.

Objective: <span class="fontstyle2">The present study aimed to examine whether the treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in adolescents via Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) improves their health-related quality of life. Method: <span class="fontstyle2">34 adolescents with IGD who were 12-17 years old were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 18) groups. The experimental group received ABM, while no interventions were delivered to the control group. Attentional bias, IGD severity, and health-related quality of life were assessed using Modified Stroop Task, Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20), and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaires, respectively. Data from pre-test, posttest, and two months follow-up measurements were analyzed using two-way mixed measures ANOVA and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) via SPSS software. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">ABM successfully reduced attentional bias and IGD severity and improved health-related quality of life in adolescents of the experimental group (p < 0.05). These significant changes were observed at post-test and two months follow-up. Meanwhile, no significant change occurred in the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: <span class="fontstyle2">It could be concluded that ABM not only reduces the severity of IGD in adolescents, but also improves their health-related quality of life, although further research is required for the understanding of its mechanisms of effects.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine adolescent coronary anxiety in the relationship between character strengths and family social support. Method: The research method was correlation and the statistical population including 156 ninth and tenth grade students were selected by non-random sampling method (available) from District 4 of Tehran. Students responded to the Values in Action inventory of strength Scale of Park and Peterson (2006), Perceived Social Support- Family Scale of the Procidano & Heller (1983), and the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale of Alipour, Ghadami, Alipour, and Abdollahzadeh (2020). Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the predicting of corona mental anxiety is significant with the strengths of Judgement, love of learning, Honesty, Zest, kindness, teamwork, forgiveness and family social support. Predicting Corona physical anxiety, creativity, love of learning, Bravery, kindness, social intelligence, teamwork, humility, hope and spirituality are significant. Love for learning, Honesty, forgiveness, humility, hope, spirituality, and family social support are significant in predicting overall corona anxiety (P˂ 0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that character strengths and social support family have an effective role in reducing corona anxiety and can provide the necessary support for adolescents in stressful situations.

Loneliness is a sad and even painful emotional experience that is thought to be caused by a lack in the quantity or quality of one's social relationships. The aim of the present study was to predict the loneliness based on perceived parenting style and self-esteem in adolescents by moderating the role of gender. The research population included all male and female students of 12-17 years of age studying in the academic year of 1400-1401 in Tehran, and 250 of these students responded to the online questionnaire related to the research. The method of the current research was step-by-step multivariate regression correlation, and in order to collect data, Asher and Wheeler's loneliness questionnaire (1985), Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaire (1965) and Bury's parenting questionnaire (1992) were used. The obtained results showed that there is an inverse relationship between permissive and authoritative parenting styles with feelings of loneliness and a direct relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and feelings of loneliness, and no significant relationship was seen between self-esteem and feelings of loneliness. Authoritative parenting style was able to predict the feeling of loneliness in the whole sample and by gender, and the amount of predicting the feeling of loneliness based on the authoritative parenting style was seen more in the group of girls than in boys. According to the findings, it can be said that authoritative parenting style can reduce the feeling of loneliness of teenagers and it is necessary to take these results into consideration in training for parents and clinical counselors.

Introduction: Adolescents' physical literacy and physical activity influence their lifestyle behaviors and health-related readiness into adulthood. Lack of information about the state of physical literacy has led researchers to examine the state of physical literacy in adolescents in Tehran. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and performed in the 12-18 years adolescents in Tehran. The sample was 836 adolescents selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from different areas of Tehran. Subjects 'physical literacy was assessed using the adolescents' physical literacy questionnaire. This questionnaire with three dimensions examines adolescents' physical literacy and has an internal consistency coefficient (0.951) and retest reliability (0.981). Results: The total mean scores of physical literacy in adolescents was 90.04 ± 17.12 and the desired norm was determined with a standard deviation of high and low (107.16-72.94). The results showed that adolescents' physical literacy scores in all dimensions increase with age, also, the scores were higher in boys than girls in all dimensions. Conclusion: Similar results have been reported for differences in gender and age in the Physical Literacy of Canadian children. The norm presented in this study can be a basis for measuring and comparing the levels of physical literacy of adolescents in Tehran.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder with a significant deficiency in communication characteristics, social interactions and stereotyped behaviors. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate physical activity participation in Iranian children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive and survey. The statistical samples were 370 children and adolescent with ASD, age 8-20 years from Iran. The international physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents used for measuring physical activity levels. Data analyzed by using SPSS<sub>23 . Results: The results showed that 73.8% of participants were inactive during the last 7 days; 17.8% of them were active occasionally (1 to 2 times); 6.5% (3 to 4 times) and 1.1% (5 to 6 times) were physically active. During the last 7 days on weekends, 58.2% reported usually sitting position, 22.2% walking or standing, and 14.6% running or active playing and only 1.1% reported lots of running or playing. There was no significant difference in physical activity levels between girls and boys. Conclusion: The results showed the limited participation in physical activity among Iranian children and adolescents with ASD. This study seems to be a helpful for identifying the patterns and promotion of physical activity.

Background: flatfoot is a common deformity characterized by the midfoot arch collapses during walking. As the midfoot is responsible for shock absorption, persons with flatfoot experience increased risk of injuries Aim: to the purpose of this study was to compare some motor-physical factors, lower extremity performance and stability index in male adolescents 10-12 having structural flat foot with and without insole. Materials and Methods: Subjects who utilized medical insoles for four to six months were selected in access from technical orthopedic in Karaj. After parents got aware of the purpose and conditions participating in research, their height and weight were measured. In the first day, they were assessed by motor-physical factors test (agility, speed, endurance), lower extremity performance (one-leg jump, cross jump, maximum distance access, walking six meters) and stability index wearing insole and on the next day without wearing insole. To analyze data, paired t-test was utilized. Wilcoxson was used respectively for parametric and non-parametric data. Results : According to the paired t-test a significant difference was observed in the 6-meter timed test. Mean difference was slower in wearing insole compared to not wearing insole. Moreover, stability index results showed more stability when not wearing insole which eyes were closed to significant. Conclusion: According to the results, wearing insole in individuals with flat foot, could slow down the walking speed. However, wearing insole may improve stability index when visual input is not in access.

The widespread use of the Internet has led to both beneficial and detrimental impacts on adolescents and young adults worldwide. Understanding the factors that contribute to these effects enables the development of culturally appropriate strategies for addressing them at a global scale. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global surge in Internet use, particularly among adolescents. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of Internet addiction among adolescents in Iran during the post-COVID-19 period. In this web-based cross-sectional study, 1358 Tehran-based adolescents aged 13-18 completed the Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire. Findings revealed a 10.3% prevalence of Internet addiction among the participants following the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as age of first exposure to the Internet and time spent online were correlated with addiction, while gender played no significant role. Additionally, Internet addiction was significantly linked to recreational use, gaming, and insufficient parental support, but not to educational usage. By comparing the cultural contexts of Iran and other countries, this study determines Iran's standing in terms of Internet addiction and the influence of culture. The implications of the findings suggest the need for policymakers, educators, and healthcare providers to devise effective strategies to combat this emerging public health concern.

The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship among sleep disorders, executive dysfunction, and sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents utilizing a network approach. The study was performed based on descriptive-correlation method. The population of study contained all the adolescents (ages 12-18 years) in Tehran, Ardebil, Southern Azerbaijan and Western Azerbaijan provinces during 2021-2022 academic year. Data were collected from Two thousand six hundred and fifty-nine adolescents who were recruited through convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Adult Concentration Inventory (Becker et al. 2015), Sleep Disorders Symptom Checklist (Klingman et al. 2017), and Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised (Strait et al. 2019). The bootnet package in R software used for data analysis. Results showed Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) was positively and more closely related to Sleep Disorders (insomnia) than Executive Dysfunction. the results showed that the most robust relative bridge connections were Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and Plan Management (PM), edge weight = 0.33; Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and Insomnia edge weight = 0.26; in addition to the positive bridge connections, a negative robust connection was also recognized between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Emotional Regulation (ER), edge weight = - 0.07. In conclusion, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) was positively associated with sleep disorders and executive dysfunction. Future interventions may be developed that emphasize the bridge connections of sleep disorders, executive dysfunction, and sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of cognitive components of media literacy in the optimal use of social media in adolescents in Tehran. The study method is a survey and the statistical sample is 425 adolescents in Tehran in the eleventh and twelfth grades. Our statistical sample was selected as a cluster and randomly from schools in five areas of Tehran (north, south, west, east, and center), and the data using they were designed from a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings showed that according to the level of significance and statistical value of t, media cognition on technological cognition and epistemological cognition, content production has a positive and significant effect on cognitive and technological cognition and media cognition, as well as epistemological cognition on technological cognition. Friedman found that technological knowledge has the highest and media knowledge has the lowest in terms of the desired situation.

Increasing the happiness of teenagers can provide a proper upbringing for the future generation of the country, and one of the ways to achieve this goal is to teach them life skills. This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of the life skills training on the personal and social happiness of adolescents. This research is a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. 40 students from the second secondary level of Zanjan city were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 20) and control groups (n = 20), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) and the Social Happiness Questionnaire (SHQ) were administered to them as a pre-test and post-test. The life skills training course were conducted for eight sessions (180 minutes each session) on the experimental group, but no intervention was done on the control group during this period. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS-23 software. The finding showed that the life skills training course has led to an increase in the personal and social happiness of adolescents (P<0.001). According to these findings, it can be concluded that life skills training as one of the important trainings can be effective in increasing the happiness of teenagers and determine the dynamics of the future generation of the country.

Purpose: Individuals going through adolescence faced a significant number of changes from biological, and cognitive to social and emotional. Due to the changes experienced by adolescents, it is susceptible for adolescents to experience a high level of loneliness. The correlation between loneliness and impulsivity and the association between impulsivity and self-harm as well as self-injurious behaviors puts adolescents in a vulnerable position in performing undesirable acts or behaviors. On the other hand, resilience plays a significant role in an individual’s ability to cope with an adverse situation or bounce back quickly after the undesired situation in order to maintain or regain mental health. Therefore, the objective of this study is to run review research through contemporary studies to summarize accumulative documents in the area of resilience, loneliness, and impulsivity among adolescents to investigate the mediating role of resilience. Methodology: For this, a search was carried out on the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Thus, a set of keywords was used, followed by filtering main keywords, resulting in a review of 99 articles published a decade ago. Findings: The results demonstrated that the number of adolescents having mental illness increased significantly over the years, and adolescents aged 16 and above are at risk of mental disorders. Besides that, this research revealed that adolescents in Malaysia are at risk of peer and social rejection, which is highly associated with loneliness and also has a correlation with aggression and impulsivity. Conclusion: It was seen that loneliness and impulsivity are essential risk factors for adolescents’ mental health and resilience can consider effective cognitive and coping skills for adolescents. It was also perceived that most of the papers focus on the investigation of the correlation between loneliness, impulsivity, and resilience, being necessary to develop more experimental studies on the effectiveness of resilience therapy for adolescents’ enrichment. These results serve as a source of reference for future research.

Aim: Taking into account the importance of creativity and the effective role of creative self-efficacy (CSE) in it, several attempts have been performed to develop appropriate measures. One of the multi-dimensional tools to assess CSE is Abbott’s (2010) creative self-efficacy inventory. The current study is an attempt to investigate factor structure and psychometric properties of Abbott’s CSE Inventory (2010) in Persian sample. The other objectives were to examine the differences in CSE regarding age and gender.Methods: The participants of this study were students in the age range of 13-19 years and also were schooling in 7th-12th grades of West Azerbaijan high schools (N= 400). Abbott’s CSE Inventory (2010) and intellect/imagination subscale of five factors personality Mini-IPIP scale were used. CFA was executed using AMOS and the data was analysed by SPSS software.Results: Reliability coefficients of raters for creative thinking self-efficacy (CTSE) and creative performance self-efficacy (CPSE) were 0.96 and 0.97 respectively (p<0.01). In addition, internal consistency of the whole scale, CPSE, and CTSE based on Cronbach’s alpha was 0.95, 0.88, and 0.93 respectively. The results showed that two factors were identified by the EFA, with eigenvalues greater than 1. These two factors were retained with 59.529 % of the total variance. The CFA supported construct validity of the CSE Inventory and its multi-factor structure. Also, there was no difference between the genders in terms of CSE, while CSE and age were directly related.Conclusion: The current research revealed that the structure and psychometric properties of the CSE Inventory for the Iranian sample are adequate

Youth participation in planning and design process in their living environments is an important issue that has significant impact on young participants, the community, spaces and places where they live. So, using their participation in the evaluation of youth friendly environmental quality indicators can lead to the creation of desirable urban spaces for them. After developing indicators on the basis of theoretical foundations of adolescent-friendly environments, this study attempts, to assess the importance of the indicators from 15 to 18-year-old adolescents’ view in making an ideal city, in Rasht Golsar district and to find that to what extent their living environments have been successful in meeting these measures. Research method, has been descriptive-analytic and theoretical foundations through library and teenagers’ view analysis with a combination approach was carried out through two questionnaires, focus group discussions and map anchored interviews. For this purpose, quantitative data analysis software method Excel and Spss and qualitative data analysis was conducted using content analysis. The results show that the studied indicators are very important for teens and most of these indicators has no place in their living environments.