درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In this essay I examine Hegel’s critique of England and France in his own day, and I argue that this critique sheds light on what he would say about constitutional states in the twenty-first century. Hegel’s critique is based on the normative “idea” of freedom he sets out in his Philosophy of Right (1820). This idea, which in Hegel’s view determines what rights and institutions are necessary for true freedom, gives a central role to what he calls “corporations” — business or trade associations, but also local communities and towns — in the free, rational state. The purpose of these corporations is twofold: first, to render economic activity cooperative and “ethical”, and so to prevent the emergence of systematic poverty, and second, to send delegates to the legislature who represent legitimate interests in civil society, rather than just numbers of people. Hegel argues, however, that corporations disappeared or were abolished in England and France and that this led to extreme poverty in England and to the “liberal” idea in France that political authority should derive from the individual will (an idea that in turn sets the “people” permanently against government). I argue that poverty and individualistic “liberalism” remain problems in the twenty-first century, and that a Hegelian solution to these problems would be to reintroduce corporations (or their equivalent) something that Hegel himself advocated in the 1820s. Hegel’s alternative to unrestrained capitalism and liberalism both of which he thinks undermine true freedom and right is thus not, as Marx recommends, to abolish the system of free production and exchange altogether, but to imbue citizens with an ethical concern for one another in their economic and political life an ethical concern that is grounded in corporations, associations and other communities.

This paper explores the nature of African religion and the role of the role of Western misconception in influencing it. Historically, African religion has served as a yardstick of the values, principles, and philosophies that shape the daily lives and ethical frameworks guiding the African societies. It embodies a unique belief system, a reverence for a Supreme Being, and a deep connection to community and nature, among many others. However, the advent of Western institutional religion significantly altered this dynamic. Western thought systems often dismissed African religious practices as fetishistic, primitive, and inhumane among many other negative attributes, thereby marginalizing their religious practices and replacing them with Western Christian practices. Hence, this influence has as a result alienated and marginalizing the African people from their indigenous religion, which as well alters their Identity. Ironically, these Western practices promoted values and principles similar to those inherent in African philosophy but classified superior, so as to strip the Africans of their identity for easy control. In it on this note that this seminar paper critically examines these narratives, highlighting the authenticity, richness, and sanctity of African religion. With the intension of exposing the original nature of African religion, employing the method of conceptual and critical analysis, this seminar paper argues that African religion, far from being fetishistic embodies the totality of the reality of the African people; it is a sophisticated embodiment of moral principles, belief systems, spirituality, and a deep connection to the world.

The following article discusses the problem of univocity in theology. It considers the classical dilemma that univocal terms used of God and human beings compromise God’s mystery while terms used equivocally of each compromise knowledge of God. One solution is that all terms used of both are analogous. Critical arguments against univocity, equivocity, and analogy are considered. Modern analysis of analogy identifies significant problems with the theory, prompting reconsideration of arguments against univocity since equivocity holds no promise for theological knowledge. Our thesis is that these arguments have plausible responses and propose a way of conceiving univocity in theology.

This paper examines the intersection of Crip Time and Disability Justice within the Spanish medical-industrial complex, uncovering the systemic barriers faced by disabled individuals, particularly those with chronic pain and fatigue. It argues for a paradigm shift toward more inclusive and sustainable healthcare temporalities that prioritize care, interdependence, and accessibility over efficiency and productivity. Building on the history of healthcare activism in Spain, with a focus on movements such as Marea Blanca, the paper integrates the principles of Disability Justice and Crip Theory to critique the rigid temporal structures imposed by medical institutions. These structures marginalize disabled individuals by enforcing normative timelines that fail to accommodate their lived experiences. The chapter highlights the necessity of rethinking healthcare systems to embrace temporalities that sustain well-being and challenge the austerity-driven logic of the Medical Industrial Complex. This paper analyzes Spanish healthcare settings and draws on previous experiments in Disability Justice activism for citizens living with chronic pain or chronic fatigue to envision a future of healthcare grounded in justice and sustainability. It advocates for flexible, patient-centered care models that respect and adapt to diverse temporalities. This approach proposes a shift in public healthcare policies toward long-term collective flourishing and equity.