درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The study aimed to investigate effective accountability among public school administrators and identify a model for achieving it. A qualitative phenomenological research method was used, with an applied purpose. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in the field of school principal accountability. Participants were selected using purpose-based sampling and saturation law principles. Qualitative data analysis involved three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, using stepwise methods and analytical techniques. Six inclusive themes emerged as constituting the effective response pattern of school administrators: financial dimension (major benefits, financial justification), moral dimension (moralism, education), cultural dimension (organizational culture, employee culture, culture society), administrative dimension (administrative structure, accountability process), strategic dimension (transformationism, responsive leadership), and educational dimension (organizational, individual). Overall, the study provides insight into how school administrators can be held accountable effectively.

Objective: One of the most common childhood disorders is attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of child-parent relationship trianing and Barkley’s parent training in behavioral-emotional problems of children with ADHD.Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with a son with ADHD. These mothers’ children were studying in one of the primary schools in Ahvaz in the academic year 2021-2022. They were selected through random clusters sampling method and randomly were assigned to child- parent relationship therapy (n = 15), Barkley's parent training (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Moreover, Clinical interview, Children’s Behavior Checklist and SNAP-IV training Scale were instruments of collecting data. Achenbach Behavior Scale was used to collect data. The child-parent relationship group participated in ten 60-minute sessions; the Barkley’s parent training group participated in fifteen 60-minute sessions. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance using SPSS software (version 25).Results:  The results of intragroup effects showed that child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training were effective in the behavioral-emotional problems in the posttest phase (P < 0.05); they reduced children's emotional-behavioral problems. However, the effects were not sustained (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training in children's emotional-behavioral problems (P < 0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the study, child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training were effective in emotional-behavioral problems of children with ADHD. Therefore, clinical psychologists and counselors are recommended to use these methods to reduce emotional-behavioral problems of children with ADHD.