درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Players are under more pressure in soccer matches. In those conditions, they must use visual information to make better decisions. However, few studies have investigated such conditions of soccer players.Aim: The aim of the present study investigates the effect of under-pressure conditions on decision-making and visual search behavior of soccer players.Materials and Methods: Eighteen soccer players with a mean age of 14.5 (and SD ±1.5) from Tehran Youth Premier League took part in this study. Decision-making task included 60 images of 3 simulated soccer conditions on a monitor including neutral (no pressure), result pressure, and monitoring pressure. During all of these conditions, eye movements were assessed by an eye tracker device.Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA test showed the speed and accuracy of decision making, the number of fixations and the mean duration of eye fixation were significantly affected in all three conditions. In addition, the results showed a significant reduction in decision-making speed in two conditions of result and monitoring pressures and a significant increase in decision accuracy and the mean number and duration of eye fixation in the two conditions of result and monitoring pressures compared to neutral pressure.Conclusion: Due to the changes in visual and speed-accuracy mechanism of decision making and the importance of these factors in the successful performance of soccer players, it is recommended that soccer coaches create psychological pressure conditions during training sessions, ask players to see with better concentration and attention, and to decide more quickly and accurately so that they can better overcome the challenges in competition environment.

Objective : Athlete burnout, which is a multidimensional syndrome and consists of emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and sport devaluation, is associated with detrimental outcomes to performance and well-being. The aim of this study was to design and validate a machine learning model by combing real-time physiological monitoring and psychological testing to predict and prevent burnout in elite athletes. Method: We recorded multimodal data for 120 national-level athletes (60 males, 60 females) from three sports over a 6-month period; we obtained heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, sleep measures, and standardized burnout scales. An ensemble model of XGBoost and LSTM architectures had the best predictive performance (AUC-ROC = 0.91), which was significantly better than that of the traditional logistic regression (AUC-ROC = 0.72, p < 0.001). Results : Distinguishing physiological predictors were HRV (β = -0.34, p < 0.001), cortisol awakening response attenuation (β = 0.29, p = 0.001) and deep sleep reduction (β = -0.27, p = 0.001), with the relationships being moderated by TrL (pinteraction < 0.05). In the three-month implementation trial, the system prospectively identified 68% of the burnout cases early on (median lead time = 18 days); it decreased the incidence by 37% relative to the controls (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.28, 0.66]). The model had strong temporal stability (AUC drift < 0.02/month), but there is potential for decreased generalizability to recreational athletes and technology-based restricting widespread application. Conclusions : Our results demonstrate the potential for machine learning-empowered combinatory continuous biometric monitoring and psychological screening to operationalize burnout as a preventive (rather than reactive) challenge in elite sports. The model offers coaches and medical teams’ actionable information to intervene in an individualized manner, but future research is needed to examine menstrual cycle effects and to design cost-effective interventions in youth sports systems. 

This study investigates the impact of tourist participation on the performance of sports tourism complexes in Guilan Province, with green product innovation as a mediating variable. Given the concurrent expansion of the tourism industry and the paramount importance of sustainable development, this research addresses a critical intersection. The research is applied in purpose, descriptive-correlational in nature, and field-based in execution. The statistical population included managers and experts of tourism complexes, organizers of sports tourism tours, and adventure sports tourists in 2023. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires measuring customer participation, green product innovation, and sports tourism complex performance. Reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, while face and content validity were established by a panel of 13 sports management professors. Data were analysed using path analysis with PLS-SEM (version 4). The results demonstrated that tourist participation significantly directly affects both the performance (t = 2.783) and green product innovation (t = 33.004) of the complexes. Furthermore, green product innovation itself had a significant direct effect on performance (t = 10.313). Crucially, the mediating role of green product innovation in the relationship between tourist participation and performance was confirmed and statistically significant (t = 9.138). This study concludes that fostering tourist participation and integrating green product innovation are essential strategies for enhancing the performance of sports tourism complexes, leading to greater environmental compatibility and economic development.

With the expansion of digital technologies, digital marketing has become a vital tool in attracting sports tourists. This research was conducted in 2024 with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the consequences of digital marketing in sports tourism using the interpretive structural modeling method. The present study was applied and carried out with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) and using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method. In the qualitative stage, thematic analysis was used using library studies and semi-structured interviews with 13 experts in sports tourism, marketing, and researchers in these two fields. In the quantitative stage, 15 experts were selected purposively and data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative section, 55 basic themes and 10 organizing themes were identified, which were centered around the overarching theme of "Consequences of Digital Marketing in Sports Tourism." The results of the quantitative section showed that these outcomes were categorized into four levels, with the main foundations at the first level. Infrastructure development, as the most influential level, directly affected the third level criteria (tourism economic development, tourist behavioral and attitudinal development, and tourism destination awareness). By presenting an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM), this study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the outcomes of digital marketing in sports tourism, which can assist managers and policymakers in areas such as marketing strategies, resource allocation, and competitive policymaking. To date, the development of a hierarchical and leveled model of digital marketing outcomes in sports tourism using the ISM method has received limited attention in this field.

Background: This study addresses the challenge of enhancing selective attention in skilled badminton players, a critical cognitive skill for optimal performance, by investigating the combined effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and mindfulness training.Aim: The present study was conducted to investigated the effects of a tDCS-mindfulness program on selective attention in skilled badminton players.Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male badminton players (mean age= 23.78±3.09 years) were selected based on exclude and include criteria and randomly divided into three groups of 12, A-tDCS-Mindfulness, sham-tDCS-Mindfulness (five sessions), and control. The Edinburgh Hand Test was used to determine the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The Computerized Stroop Test was used to measure selective attention capacity. Nonparametric Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used.Results: The results showed that the within-group changes in both A-tDCS and sham-tDCS mindfulness groups, it was able to have a significant improvement on the Stroop test score and time of interference. In the comparison between groups effect, it was also found that there is a significant difference in time and score between the three groups, and respectively, the A-tDCS mindfulness, sham-tDCS mindfulness and the control group had the best performance. Based on the results of the present research, it was found that the presentation of A-tDCS mindfulness can be more effective on the time and score of selective attention of badminton players.Conclusion: Results suggest that the use of tDCS along with mindfulness can improve selective attention in badminton players.

Consumer law is an innovative branch of law that began to develop in the second half of the 20th century. The creation and evolution of consumer law show the result of the political desire to develop and promote the rights and interests of consumers as the main players in the market. Therefore, the study aimed to identify and analyze the factors affecting the protection of Iranian sports products' consumer law. The research approach was qualitative with a grounded theory method. 13 experts including sports law and marketing experts, retailers, wholesalers, importers of sports goods, and manufacturers of sports goods and equipment, were chosen purposefully as participants. The sampling continued until data saturation. In addition to the interviews, 12 articles, 1 thesis, and 2 books were used to collect data. After data analysis, 59 initial codes, 9 subcategories, and 3 main categories (basic consumer rights, consumer's personal beliefs, and underlying elements of consumer protection) were identified. In general, the government's support and the supervision of the legal and regulatory institutions on the performance of manufacturers, suppliers, and sellers of Iranian sports products had a significant impact on the protection of the consumer law. Iranian consumers support Iranian sports products when they know that their rights are fully respected, and then they will buy and use Iranian sports products with more confidence.

Background: The effects of wearing common masks during maximal exercise activities on individuals remain unclear.Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of wearing surgical and N-95 masks on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses in healthy men performing a maximal shuttle run test.Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy men (age 23.78 ± 2.0) participated in three sessions: without a mask, with a surgical mask, and with an N-95 mask, with a one-week interval between each session. After each test, physiological variables (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and oxygen saturation), perceptual variables (comfort/discomfort and perceived exertion), and performance variables (maximum oxygen consumption and shuttle run test duration) were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to compare differences between the conditions.Results: Significant differences were observed between the conditions with and without a mask in terms of oxygen saturation (P= 0.043), blood lactate concentration (P= 0.026), and perceived exertion, maximum oxygen consumption, and shuttle run test duration (P= 0.001), with the no-mask condition demonstrating superior outcomes in all variables. The type of mask (surgical or N-95) did not significantly affect the measured variables. Wearing both masks led to an increased sensation of moisture, heat, shortness of breath, and fatigue.Conclusion: Wearing masks, especially during intense physical activities, may impair physiological and performance metrics, recommending mask-free outdoor settings when feasible.

Background : Anti-inflammatory markers play a crucial role in chronic diseases.. Regular training is a valuable method to control inflammation. Aim: This meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of exercise training on anti-inflammatory indicators like IL-10 and IL-4. Martials and methods: Various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials from 2007 to 2023. Studies focusing on IL-10 and IL-4 indicators in individuals undergoing exercise training were selected. According to the study inclusion criteria, ultimately, 40 articles were finally selected as study samples for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using fixed and random effects models to analyze the effect sizes, taking into account factors such as age, gender, health status, type and duration of exercise, and BM.. Results: Aerobic training significantly increased IL-10 levels (p=0.00, 95% CI=0.267:0.723, ES=0.495), while the increase after resistance training was not significant (ES=0.295, 95% CI-0.020:0.610, p=0.067). Both aerobic training (ES=-282, 95% CI=-0.795:0.185, p=0.237) and resistance training (ES=0.227, 95% CI=-0.389:0.843, p=0.471) had no significant effect onIL-4 levels. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-10 associated withBMI subgroups (p=0.019), with the highest increase in BMI group 18 to 25 (p=0.001). Subgroup meta-analysis for IL-4 showed no significant differences between subgroups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training was associated with a significant increase in IL-10 levels in healthy and unhealthy subjects, but aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on IL-4 levels. Further randomized controlled studies are essential, especially focusing on resistance training and different training scenarios.

Background : As technology advances, concerns regarding neurobehavioral disorders, particularly memory deficits caused by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices such as Wi-Fi routers have increased dramatically. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on cholinergic biomarkers and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to 2450MHz EMR emitted by Wi-Fi routers. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups: 'control', 'wave', and 'wave+aerobic exercise'. During four weeks, the 'wave' groups were exposed to 2450MHz EMR from Wi-Fi routers for four hours daily, seven days a week the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group also participated in a running program five days a week in addition to EMR exposure. Cognitive behavioral changes resulting from the interventions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Results: Exposure to EMR significantly decreased acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus (P<0.05). The MWM test also revealed a significant impairment in spatial memory among the exposed rats compared to the 'control' group. However, the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group exhibited a significant increase in acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, a significant reduction in Aβ levels, and demonstrated considerably better performance in the MWM test compared to the 'wave' group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in preventing pathophysiological alterations and cognitive impairments caused by electromagnetic radiation.