درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This review systematically examines recent studies on the potential role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in physical activity, encompassing health, performance, cognitive, and physiological perspectives. Specifically, it investigates the impact of HRV monitoring methods on physical performance, fatigue, and recovery across various aspects of sports performance. A comprehensive search for primary articles and relevant scientific literature was conducted across academic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, using keywords such as Heart Rate Variability, physical activity, health, sports physiology, and cognitive factors. HRV is widely recognized as a non-invasive, practical, and valuable tool for assessing autonomic nervous system function. Due to its methodological advantages, HRV provides critical insights into fitness levels and training adaptation, optimal training intensity and volume, overtraining detection, injury risk assessment, and cognitive factors such as stress and anxiety. The reviewed literature indicates that individuals with lower baseline HRV tend to experience increased HRV levels following regular physical activity. Consequently, exercise training is directly associated with improved HRV, which in turn enhances athletic performance, mitigates overtraining risks, and reduces injury incidence

Purpose: With the aging population facing an increased risk of ocular conditions such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy, finding non-invasive methods to support eye health is essential. This meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of aerobic, isometric, and resistance exercises on visual acuity and overall eye health in the elderly, seeking to identify which type of exercise may be most beneficial for maintaining or improving eye health. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following standard guidelines. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023. The search included terms related to aerobic, isometric, and resistance exercises, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), retinal health, and elderly populations. Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, focusing on research involving elderly participants and outcomes related to eye health. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1,200 participants with a mean age of 68 years. The meta-analysis revealed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced intraocular pressure (mean difference = -2.5 mmHg, 95% CI: -3.2 to -1.8, p < 0.001) and improved retinal health markers (effect size = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.50, p < 0.01). Resistance exercise was associated with enhanced visual acuity (effect size = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.41, p < 0.01) and a reduction in the progression of AMD (relative risk = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.90, p < 0.05). Isometric exercises showed minimal impact on eye health compared to the other exercise types (effect size = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.20, p = 0.40). Conclusion: This meta-analysis supports the idea that aerobic and resistance exercises can protect visual acuity and overall eye health in the elderly, likely due to improved blood circulation, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced retinal function. In contrast, isometric exercises showed minimal benefits, potentially due to their limited impact on systemic circulation. These findings suggest the importance of specific physical activities for mitigating age-related ocular disease risks, with implications for clinical and public health guidelines aimed at preventing visual decline in aging populations.