درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Considering the common components emphasized in various definitions of "Security" reveals that these definitions have predominantly focused on either its negative (removal of threats) or positive (provision of well-being) aspects, but have not concurrently addressed both dimensions. The central question of this research is to determine which components constitute security from the perspective of the Holy Quran and which aspect—negative or positive—is emphasized in the context of its formation. The results of this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and employing the analysis of substitute concepts, indicate that security in the Quranic view consists of two main components, "Safety" and "Tranquility," the former being based on the negative aspect and the latter on the positive aspect. Within the semantic framework of the Holy Quran, the synergy of these negative and positive aspects yields a more complete level of security, referred to by the superior term " Salām " (peace). "Peace" is higher and more sublime than "Safety" because it describes a situation not only devoid of anything that causes human aversion but also replete with everything that is agreeable to human nature.

Semantics investigates the transformation of word meanings within discourse. "Proximity to God" is one of the central Qur’anic concepts, and its semantic analysis is of particular importance for organizing the semantic network of Qur’anic vocabulary and for understanding the Book of Revelation's discourse on the relationship between human beings and God. Using a descriptive–analytical method, the present study seeks to identify and systematize the vocabulary related to proximity ( Qurb ) and to explain the process of semantic expansion of this term within the framework of paradigmatic relations. The concept of proximity, in addition to reflecting the human–divine relationship, encompasses a wide range of meanings, including spatial, temporal, kinship-based, rank-related, protective, and power-related proximity. The findings indicate that the direct derivatives of the root ( q r b) , such as Aqrab , Qarīb , Qurbān , and Qurbāt , are predominantly employed within the semantic orbit of drawing near to God, whereas words related to Qurb in non-religious meanings function as expressions of nearness in non-divine contexts. Among the conceptual substitutes for Qurb , terms such as Dunuww , Ḥaḍar , Walī , Zulfā , and Muḥīṭ were identified, which respectively cover the domains of physical/spatial proximity, legal and social proximity, proximity in the occurrence of events, rank and status, and encompassing. Furthermore, a group of Qur’anic terms can be regarded as indirect substitutes for Qurb and classified among expressions related to the path of attaining proximity to God.