درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Economic security, which is one of the most important requirements for the country's economic growth and development, is highly dependent on foreign trade and maritime transport. Maritime transport plays a key role in the development of the country's foreign trade with other countries. Currently, Iran owns approximately one percent of the world's maritime transport fleet, and Iran has the twenty-second largest shipping fleet in the world. In the last few years, about 80 to 90 percent of the country's exports and imports have been carried out through maritime transport. On the other hand, one of the main factors disrupting maritime security in the world's waters is the phenomenon of piracy, which today has advanced to hijacking ships and taking their crews hostage. Therefore, considering the phenomenon of piracy, the role of the Navy in ensuring the security of Iran's shipping lines and foreign trade is very important, and ensuring the security of the country's maritime transport will play a very important and vital role in the country's economic stability and the resilience of the national economy. In a world constantly engaged in war and violence, increasing military power is a necessary condition for ensuring security for every country, and security is recognized as a necessary condition for economic growth and development. Estimates by international organizations such as UNCTAD are that one of Iran's most important tools for resisting US sanctions is this large maritime transport fleet. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and aims to investigate the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy in ensuring the security of maritime transportation. The results of this research show that the Navy, by supporting the country's communication and shipping lines, can play an important and decisive role in the country's trade turnover and also have positive effects on regional and global trade and maritime transportation.

Iran’s Law on International Commercial Arbitration (LICA), inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Arbitration, was enacted in 1997 with the aim of modernizing the country’s approach to international commercial disputes. Employing a descriptive- analytical methodology, this paper analyzes LICA’s strengths and weaknesses with a focus on the Iranian Constitution which- as the country’s Supreme Law - has seemingly eclipsed the arbitration process. Specifically, this research zeroes in on the potential conflict between Article 139 of the Constitution, which mandates parliamentary approval for foreign disputes involving state assets, and the inherently expeditious nature of arbitration. This study argues that these constitutional formalities - while safeguarding national interests - should be reduced as they may hamper the efficiency and expeditiousness typically associated with arbitration. The author proposes that - as arbitration is intertwined with less formality - the Guardian Council can invoke its constitutional powers to curtail these formalities and create an environment conducive to a standard arbitration process. This analysis maintains that the Iranian Constitution does not necessarily supersede arbitration provisions, and proposes that the Council has the authority to streamline arbitral procedures within the legal framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Background and Theoretical Basis: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil Supply Portfolio (on Sea and Land) because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. Methodology: The supply risks are first identified based on the opinion of experts, all of whom are experts in the National Iranian Oil Company, especially in the contracts department, and then weighted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Findings: The major countries importing oil from Iran are then ranked based on weight. Next, the result of this rating is entered into the mathematical programming model. The results of solving the model indicate the optimal oil supply portfolio and the best countries for oil exports are determined accordingly. Conclusion: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil supply portfolio because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. In this study, the optimal oil supply portfolio is selected based on destination country and transfer risks by combining content analysis, fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making, and mathematical programming techniques. The proposed model suggests that the optimal oil supply portfolio can be determined. In this way, it is possible to determine how much of the export of petroleum products should be allocated to an importing country according to issues such as cost and risk. The results can be generalized to other industries. Thus, future studies can examine the proposed model for the export of other products, including mineral or agricultural products. In other words, the major importing countries can be determined, and optimal allocation to them can be made based on criteria such as risk and cost.