International Journal of Maritime Policy

Background and Theoretical Basis: The right to health is a comprehensive and fundamental human right, which not only includes timely and appropriate health care, but also basic factors that determine health, such as access to water, healthy food, nutrition, housing, environment, and health. The spirit and soul also spread, especially for seafarers and their families, it has a special importance in national and international law. The existence of different dimensions for health, various fields related to health, and various factors affecting it have made it difficult to define the said right, and governments are required to take measures in a wide area to ensure the possibility of a healthy life, some of these obligations require immediate action and some They should be realized over time. Iran has also recognized and supported this right by approving various laws and regulations in the field of health as well as joining various international conventions. Methods: In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, using the collection of information in the form of documents and libraries, the subject of examining the compliance of national and international laws and the functions of the Iranian legal system in realizing the right to health, focusing on commercial vessels, has been investigated. Findings: The findings of this research show that the right to health as an inherent right means that everyone has the right to achieve the highest standard of physical and mental health, and this right includes all medical services, public health, adequate food, Adequate housing includes a healthy working environment and a clean environment, both on land and at sea, onboard ships and other maritime occupations. Conclusion: The fundamental rights of health have been emphasized in Iran's legal system so since the beginning of the modern government, more than 600 laws and regulations have been approved in the field of health system. In fact, Iran is one of the most advanced countries in the Asian continent in the field of medicine and health. However, the most important internal challenges facing health and the institutionalization of health rights as a fundamental right are the problem of providing medicine and medical equipment due to the embargo on oil exports and the embargo of the Central Bank, immigration of doctors and nurses and medical staff, issues related to insurances and non-observance of transparency. In the medical system, the private sector is responsible for medical expenses. In terms of institutionalizing maritime health rights in commercial ships at the international level, the most important step taken is the ratification of the Maritime Labor Convention in 2006 by the International Labor Organization, which Iran also ratified on May 19, 2010. This convention was implemented on August 20, 2013, one year after the registration of 30 countries that own more than 33 percent of the gross tonnage of the world's ships. In fact, the main philosophy of this convention is to protect the health of seafarers and ensure their prompt access to medical care on board and ashore. Therefore, any country that approves the convention in its legal system. shall ensure that seafarers on board ships in their territory who require urgent medical attention have access to medical facilities ashore and requirements for health care and medical care on board ships including standards for safety aimed at providing Health care and medical care are provided to seafarers to be as comparable as possible to what is available ashore. Another important point is that protection and health care are provided at no cost to seafarers.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated. Methodology: The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data.   Findings and conclusion: The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: During natural and man-made crises and hazards, global pharmaceutical supply chains have experienced fluctuations in demand, production capacity issues, and distribution problems. The prevention and management of these challenges are crucial for maintaining public health, as the scarcity of essential medicines, vaccines, and blood products can pose severe health risks and hinder medical care. The present research aimed to develop a model of pharmaceutical cold logistics management during and facing maritime crises. Following a practical objective, this study is exploratory-descriptive in nature and benefits from a mixed methods design. Methodology: The statistical population of the research includes academic and military experts in the field of Supply Chain Management and Maritime Crisis Management. They involve 20 in the qualitative phase using purposive sampling and 120 constitute samples in the quantitative phase using convenience sampling. The qualitative phase was run through conducting semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire was administered in the quantitative part. Data were qualitatively analyzed through thematic analysis, and a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation was run to quantitatively analyze the questionnaire. Findings and conclusion: Results showed that the drug cold logistics management during the crisis includes the main themes of the application of emerging technologies, information and communication management, pharmaceutical supply and distribution management, quality and trust management, and pharmaceutical supply chain audit. Based on the quantitative findings, the structural model of the research was approved, possessing sufficient validity according to the quality indices. Finally, the results of ranking the dimensions of the research based on the Friedman test showed that the application of emerging technologies in the management of maritime crises had the highest importance, and the pharmaceutical supply chain audit was found to be the lowest priority in the management of maritime crises.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The transformation of the Iranian Navy from a purely defensive force to a strategic force has highlighted it as an influential component in Iran's future position. The presence of this force in international waters, the need for greater interaction with trans-regional countries and the impact of the new mission environment, monitoring and identifying the various trends governing the emerging global patterns, to understand the possible futures ahead and more importantly, build It makes a desirable future necessary. Research method: The current research aims to explain the strategic model and the consequences of the presence of the strategic navy of the army in international waters and Makran coasts. The qualitative research approach was implemented with the grounded theory strategy. For this purpose, after reviewing the specialized texts related to the research subject, semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in the sea domain until data saturation were conducted using targeted sampling. Findings and Results: The findings of the research, which was conducted through international and axial coding, show that the data consists of 65 open codes, 59 axial codes, 10 categories, and finally, by using them, 11 contextual factors (training of expert staff, development Commercial, fishing and military fleets, succession of commanders, port services and wharf construction, equipped with modern equipment - smart, radio and satellite facilities (and 4 intervening factors) comprehensive support of sovereignty, convergence with countries, educational and sanitary environment suitable, supply of parts and special equipment, rights and benefits and welfare affairs), as well as 15 strategic factors (observance of international policies, diplomatic influence, international credibility, formulation of force missions, knowledge of international law, increasing geopolitical and strategic depth, knowledge of the environment and space, increasing the weight of geopolitics and... (9 causal factors) professional development of employees, use of elite talent, holding short-term and future research courses, paying attention to the health of employees and... (and 20 consequences) establishing security, deterrence, Sea-based economy and...)was developed.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The analysis and evaluation of the potential power of various states in global arenas have consistently been subjects of scholarly attention and discussion within the field of international relations. This inquiry becomes particularly salient during pivotal historical moments and major shifts in global civilization, especially during periods of power transition: Which country is poised to become the next superpower? Historically, nations such as Iran, Greece, Italy, Spain, France, and England, and more recently, the United States, have played significant roles in shaping global civilization and exerting considerable influence worldwide. A key factor contributing to their power has been their maritime strength; their formidable presence at sea has historically served as an indicator of their overall power. Methodology: The objective of this article is to present a comprehensive geopolitical model designed to assess the potential power of China through a geopolitical lens. The research methodology employed is qualitative and exploratory. Given the importance of geography and human agency, this study is based on an algorithm that incorporates variables grounded in geopolitical knowledge. The "power cloud probability" model conceptualizes countries as comprehensive systems employing quantitative data analysis and multi-modelling methods to examine the formation of maritime superpowers and assess China's maritime potential. Findings and conclusion: This model enhances our understanding of complex geographical phenomena and facilitates the analysis of global power dynamics and influence. It provides a deeper insight into how geographical elements interact with geopolitical actors. Moreover, the modeling process streamlines research efforts by creating a structured framework for simultaneously examining multiple variables. China's emergence as a maritime superpower has been significantly influenced by its interactions with other countries, particularly the United States, its neighboring states, and nations along the Belt and Road Initiative routes. Although China has made substantial strides in enhancing its maritime capabilities, challenges persist. Its relationships with other countries will continue to play a crucial role in shaping its future maritime trajectory.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: One of the dual challenges in the world of organization and management is job engagement versus job burnout. Some believe that job engagement is the positive antithesis of job burnout. Job burnout is a problem in modern societies related to living in an advanced world, particularly in the modern work environment. Researchers have identified some consequences of this phenomenon as decreased motivation, dissatisfaction, and the intention to leave the job. The main objective of this research is to examine and compare the impact of job engagement and burnout (based on the Job Demands-Resources model) on the turnover intention among seafarers. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population consists of 300 employees working in maritime organizations in Mazandaran province, with a sample size of 169 selected through random sampling based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. To measure the research variables, questionnaires were used for job demands (role conflict, job conditions, and work-home interference) from Rizzo et al. (1970), Mohammadi et al. (2011), and Wagena & Geurts (2000) with 15 questions; job resources (supervisor support, self-esteem, and feedback) from HSE, Rosenberg (1965), Hackman & Oldham (1975) with 11 questions; job burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) from Maslach (1996) with 10 questions; job engagement (vigor, dedication, and absorption) with 12 questions; and turnover intention from Cammann et al. (1979) with 3 questions. Their validity was calculated using content and face validity methods, and their reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, demographic information (descriptive statistics) was used, and for inferential analysis, correlation tests and structural equation modeling were employed. Findings and conclusion: Statistical data analysis indicates that the impact of job resources, job demands, and job engagement on job burnout are 0.81, 0.60, and 0.30 respectively; the impact of job resources on job demands and job engagement are 0.92 and 0.70 respectively; the impact of job engagement on job burnout is 0.30; and the impact of job engagement and burnout on employees' intention to leave are 0.30 and 0.72 respectively. The research results showed that job burnout and engagement affect seafarers' turnover intention. Additionally, job engagement and demands impact burnout, while job resources influence engagement. Job demands affect seafarers' burnout, and the relationship between demands and resources as well as the impact of job resources on job burnout was confirmed.