درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Every ethical system possesses at least six core elements: a theory of moral value, fundamental moral principles, rules of inference, incentives for adhering to ethical principles and rules, enforcement mechanisms for those principles and rules, and a justification for the necessity of being moral and for the validity of the said ethical system. This system is constructed and refined based on sources of moral knowledge and ethical foundations and is presented to its target society. Within this system, the theory of moral value is recognized as the principal element, upon which all other elements rely in some manner. Within Jewish ethical systems, two distinct theories are observed concerning the theory of moral value: "A deontological perspective and a teleological perspective. Some scholars currently argue that Jewish ethics is deontological and present reasoning for this position." This paper, with reference to the Tanakh (the Old Testament) and the foundations of ethics in Judaism, emphasizes the teleological viewpoint and critiques the arguments put forth by deontologists. The difference between these two perspectives has been notably evident in the conduct of the Zionist regime and its supporters over the past two years. From a deontological viewpoint, it is sufficient for a religious scholar to justify, based on their own interpretation, the massacre of the people of Gaza, Lebanon, Yemen, and Iran by citing a divine command; in this scenario, no rational, empirical or even emotional argument can prevent such crimes.

The Noble Quran and the Testaments share the common feature of being composed of various parts or chapters. These chapters are called "Surahs" in the Quran and "Books" in the Testaments. Unlike the Testaments, whose content mostly possesses a linear order similar to human books, with each book usually centered on a specific or general topic, the Surahs of the Quran—with the exception of the shorter Surahs and some collectively-revealed ones—typically lack a specific topic and order, appearing as if diverse and varied subjects are scattered throughout them (the "Scattered" nature of the Quran). Some believe the human-like order of the Testaments indicates their human origin, while the non-human order of the verses in the Quran's Surahs is a sign of its divine origin. However, according to this research, conducted using library resources and critical analysis method, neither the structure of the Testaments and their similarity to human books is proof of their non-divine origin, nor is the scattered structure of most long Quranic Surahs and their dissimilarity to the order found in most human books proof of its divine origin.

The comprehensiveness of the Qur'an (Jami'ῑyyat al-Qur'an) is one of the fundamental topics in Qur'anic studies. Muslim scholars from the past to the present have explained this principle by focusing on Qur'anic verses and narrations from both Sunni and Shi'a sources (Farῑqayn). Some, by proposing comparative comprehensiveness, believe that the Qur'an, as the last revealed book, is comprehensive compared to other divine books. Some have chosen maximum comprehensiveness, considering the Qur'an to encompass all sciences and arts. Others, by expressing minimal comprehensiveness, have limited the Qur'an's comprehensiveness to ethical and moral issues. Some, accepting moderate comprehensiveness, have introduced the Qur'an as a guide for humans in material and spiritual matters. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, has comparatively explored the comprehensiveness of the Qur'an from the perspectives of Ibn ʻArabī and Imam Khomeini. The research findings show that both great Islamic thinkers, while accepting comparative comprehensiveness and rejecting minimal comprehensiveness, have proposed a new view titled "the Qur'an's comprehensiveness according to the understanding of its audience," which explains the secret of the Qur'an's timelessness in every era and place. The point of difference between Ibn ʻArabī and Imam Khomeini's views is that Ibn ʻArabī accepts maximum comprehensiveness, referring to the Qur'an's verses indicating past and future sciences, while in Imam Khomeini's thought, the Qur'an is a book of guidance and human development, and references to generalities and established material sciences in Qur'anic verses are for the purpose of human education and guidance.