درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

How does unconscious matter become conscious? How does our physical part, which lacks consciousness, have such a subjective quality? This is the explanatory gap in the problem of consciousness or the hard problem of consciousness which comes from a physicalist (eliminativist physicalism) point of view. From the opposite point of view, that is, dualism, the mind-body problem has led to the problem of consciousness and the explanation of how our unconscious physical (matter) part (substance) is related to our conscious mental part (substance). If the problem of consciousness is the result of such views (eliminativism and dualism), is it possible to adopt a different perspective so that the problem does not arise at all? Or find a solution for it (maximum answer) or at least determine the right way to solve the problem (minimum answer)? The current research goes into this issue by adopting subjectivism and holism to make its subjective holism theory. Therefore, it gives a positive (maximum and minimum) answer to the above questions.

The Holy Qur’an is a guide for humanity toward felicity in all eras, and at the same time, it contains precise scientific indications intended to guide scholars. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and drawing upon library-based sources, examines one such scientific indication in verse 27 of Sura al-Mursalāt. This verse addresses the conditions and characteristics of water storage in elevated mountains for the benefit of human populations dwelling in foothills and plains. The data collected for this study were categorized into two groups: Qur’anic and scientific. The Qur’anic data were extracted from both classical and contemporary exegetical sources, while the scientific data were derived from academic articles in the fields of geography and geology. In the first step, five key terms— jaʿalnā , rawāsī , shāmikhāt , asqaynākum , and furāt —were subjected to etymological and semantic analysis. In the second step, scientific findings were compared with these exegetical insights. The results indicate that the Qur’an in this verse alludes to the hydrological cycle, specifically the movement of water from high elevations on the Earth’s surface toward foothills and plains. Scientific findings clarify the significance of God’s designation of “uplifted mountains” as the primary source of water for humanity. This significance lies in two main aspects: first, such mountains have a higher capacity than plains for receiving precipitation—especially in the form of snow—which is generally more voluminous and less polluted; second, these mountains are more capable of storing water, enhancing its quality, and conveying it through surface and subterranean channels to consumer ecosystems, including vegetation, wildlife, and human settlements. In the absence of towering mountains, the global water cycle would be deficient and limited primarily to coastal regions. The results also indicated that the phrase rawāsī shāmikhāt reflects the Qur’an’s explicit reference to a remarkable scientific fact: the gradual growth of mountains. This progressive uplift is today corroborated by findings from geology and geodesy in the major mountain ranges of the world.

Verse 21 of Surah Ar-Rum states: “And of His signs is that He created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may find tranquility in them, and He placed between you affection ( mawaddah ) and mercy. Indeed, in that are signs for a people who reflect”. This verse, which conveys the Qur’ānic philosophy of marriage, notably employs the word mawaddah to express affection, a choice that warrants deeper investigation. Analyzing the semantic evolution of key Qur’ānic terms is a valuable and emerging approach in Qur’ānic studies. The vocabulary of the Qur’ān often draws from the lexicon of pre-Islamic Arab culture, including terms common in tribal discourse and poetic expression. Like many such words, mawaddah retained its semantic core but underwent significant development in its meaning within the Qur’ānic worldview. This paper explores the semantic trajectory of mawaddah and offers a critical analysis of its usage in Surah Ar-Rum, verse 21. It concludes that no other synonymous term would convey the depth and intended meaning as effectively as mawaddah in this context

خودنمایی صفتی است که با وجود وجهه منفی آن در ادبیات فارسی، در آیات و روایات گاهی مذموم و گاهی ممدوح شناخته شده است. این نگرش نوعی ابهام را در ارزش گذاری آن به وجود آورده است. به نظر می رسد این ابهام به سبب تفکیکی است که در قرآن و روایات اسلامی میان انواع خودنمایی وجود داشته است؛ لذا در این پژوهش با بررسی این فرضیه، تلاش شده است با بررسی انواع خودنمایی در آیات و روایات، ارزش گذاری آن در احوال و شرایط مختلف مورد مداقه قرار گیرد. بر این اساس، پس از مفهوم شناسی خودنمایی و مفاهیم نزدیک به آن در آیات و روایات، انواع خودنمایی بر اساس نیت فرد، در پنج دسته ریاکارانه، شهرت طلبانه، برتری طلبانه، هویت جویانه و مبلغانه طبقه بندی شد و ارزش آن بر اساس آیات و روایات تبیین گردید. به این ترتیب، باید گفت که خودنمایی به خودی خود و فی ذاته فاقد ارزش بوده و آنچه به آن ارزش می بخشد، صفتی است که با توجه به نیت فاعل به آن متصف می شود.  در نهایت، در این پژوهش، مصادیق رایج خودنمایی در پنج دسته مذکور استخراج شده و ارزش هر کدام با توجه به نیت فاعل بیان شد.