درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Extreme sport tourism has become a rapidly expanding segment of the global tourism industry, involving high-risk activities such as rafting, climbing, sky running, and canyoning. The objective of this review was to synthesize current scientific evidence on the physiological and organizational determinants of safety in extreme sport tourism and to present an integrated framework applicable to diverse adventure sport contexts. Method: A narrative review methodology was adopted. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Included studies addressed physiological stress responses, environmental exposure, guide competence, safety management systems, and emergency preparedness in extreme or adventure sport settings. Findings were thematically synthesized across physiological and organizational domains. Results: The review identified key physiological determinants of safety, including cardiovascular strain, hypoxic and respiratory stress, thermoregulatory imbalance, dehydration, neuromuscular fatigue, and neuroendocrine stress responses, all of which influence performance, cognition, and decision-making under extreme conditions. Organizational determinants included structured risk assessment, guide training and certification, equipment standards, communication systems, emergency response planning, and organizational safety culture. Evidence indicated that inadequate organizational control amplifies physiological risk and contributes to accident occurrence. Conclusion: Safety in extreme sport tourism requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach aligning human physiological limits with organizational management to improve participant safety and support sustainable destination development.

Purpose: Aging is accompanied by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, particularly within the hippocampus, a brain region highly vulnerable to metabolic impairment and redox imbalance. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), a time-efficient exercise modality known to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, may offer complementary neuroprotective benefits. This study examined the synergistic effects of curcumin supplementation and HIIT on mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus of aged rats. Method: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (22–24 months) were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Curcumin (100 mg/kg/day), HIIT, and Curcumin + HIIT. The 8-week HIIT protocol consisted of treadmill-based intervals performed five days per week, while hippocampal mitochondrial fractions were analyzed for superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH), were also quantified. Results: Both curcumin and HIIT independently increased SOD2, CAT, and GPx activities (p < 0.01), but the combined intervention produced significantly greater enhancements across all enzyme systems (p < 0.001). ROS and MDA levels were markedly reduced in the Curcumin + HIIT group compared with all other groups (p < 0.001), while GSH content increased by more than 100% relative to controls. Effect sizes were large for all mitochondrial and oxidative stress outcomes, indicating robust physiological adaptation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that curcumin supplementation synergistically enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant and redox benefits of HIIT in the aging hippocampus. Integrating targeted nutraceuticals with structured high-intensity exercise may represent a promising strategy for mitigating age-related oxidative dysfunction and supporting long-term brain health.