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This paper argues that Iran needs to review and reform its press legal regime with much greater consideration for new technologies in today’s information society arena. A free press is one of the few, and possibly the only, means to force the government to be held accountable for its actions. The history of press law in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) dates back to the creation of the first legislation (1930) in this country. Today, with the innovative advances in communication and the needs of “netizens” (a term for citizens who use networks for communication), the IRI Press Law does not have sufficient flexibility with international documents or reflect the impact of new technologies regarding the freedom of expression. Therefore, many of the questions in this era remain unanswered

Today, the Baltic Sea has become the epicenter of the European crisis. The Baltic Sea is the only region where NATO has a land border with Russia, increasing the region's sensitivity. The slightest incident can turn into a full-blown war in the region. Russia's complex security challenges, the region's geopolitical situation, and the Baltic states' defense vulnerabilities have raised the need to revive NATO's military presence and strengthen deterrence against Russia. In the light of interpretive structural modeling, this study seeks to answer the question of what effect Russia's escalating activities in the Baltic Sea have had on the effectiveness of NATO's deterrence strategy in the region. Given the theoretical framework of broad deterrence, it hypothesized that Russia's security strategy in the three areas of conventional, nuclear, and hybrid threat had led NATO to move toward broad deterrence based on the threat of punishment and denial. However, both types of deterrence do not have the quantity and quality necessary to fully contain Russia in the region, as in the Cold War. In order to measure efficiency according to the research method and its extended formulation, the indicators of credibility, communication, and capability are used. The findings show that deterrence through punishment is much more pronounced than deterrence through denial and that the normal state of deterrence in NATO is highly vulnerable to Russia. Weaknesses in capability and communication have also led to the fragility of NATO's deterrent credentials in the region, making the Baltic Sea very sensitive and critical.

The development of digital technology encourages the advantages of using digital media as the main information source. However, such development has also been misused by certain individuals or entities to mislead the public by generating fake news. On the Internet, false information travels faster than the truth, and it takes a lot of effort to stop it. This article uses a qualitative approach analysis to evaluate the various strategies used to thwart false news. In the first part, the authors described the notion of false news. In the second part, the authors examined the legislative framework that Malaysian parliaments have adopted to make it illegal to spread and publish false information. In the final part, the authors zoomed through the lens of jurisprudence that can be applied as a counter measure against dissemination of fake news. Hence, the importance of this article is to provide a clear understanding of the jurisprudence analysis of fake news in Malaysia.

Resistance is a concept that has been raised at different times and considered by many analysts from different angles. Islamic Republic of Iran’s resistance Policy Making is a method for foreign Policy analysis. Iran’s Foreign Policy is based on Policy Making. The Indexes of Islamic Republic of Iran’s resistance Policy Making in Foreign Policy is Cooperative method and interactive process with regional and international actors in environment crisis. Iran’s foreign policy is related and accordance with Identity and Revolution a thought on international relations.This article uses the descriptive method of analyzing and using library resources and information to answer the main questions of the article. What is Iran's strategic policy towards the American regional clients and what is the role of resistance in this process?The results show, the content and orientation of resistance policy making is based on regional competitive approach. Each kind of resistance Policy based on environmental competitive controls structural, identity, cultural and ideological differences and changes Islamic Republic of Iran’s resistance policy making have be seen in different issues especially resistance diplomacy and environmental security making in competitive regional policy.

Scenario writing is especially important in the field of geo-economics because it prepares geopolitical actors to take advantage of continuous international conditions in the best possible way and reduces risks as much as possible. In the meantime, the Islamic Republic of Iran, to shape its geo-economic relations with the countries of the African continent in general and North Africa in particular, as spaces with high capacity and attraction, necessarily needs to know and understand the upcoming scenarios. Therefore, the present research was done with descriptive and analytical methods and based on library and field findings (questionnaire). The findings of the research show that the 8 sources of power geography are "investment opportunity for the private sector", "strong dependence on technical and engineering services", "cheap labour force", "the presence of rich non-metallic minerals", "availability of legal investment platforms". Foreign direct (ease of investment)", "Entrepreneurial development", "wide agricultural capacities" and "Geoeconomic position (sea trade)". respectively, the scores have had the greatest impact on the future of the geo-economic relations between Iran and Africa. The results of the scenario board show the semi-critical and critical situation of the future geo-economic relations between Iran and Africa, which makes it more important to revise the macro strategies and policies in this field. 

Central Asian and Caucasian countries are among the countries that have faced numerous ups and downs in the process of nation-building, and they are currently facing various challenges, particularly in the geopolitical arena. Since nation-building is a process greatly influenced by a country's historical roots and events, Central Asian and Caucasian countries have unique coordinates despite sharing a part of history. This article examines the nation-building process in Central Asian and Caucasian countries through a comparative approach. It focuses on the practical geopolitical challenges of nation-building in these two regions. The study findings indicate that Due to differences in the social context, historical processes, and geopolitical features, Central Asia and the Caucasus countries have gone through two different patterns of nation formation. In particular, Central Asian countries face significant geopolitical challenges during this process. 

As a nation that operates under a democratic form of government, Malaysia is home to a diverse range of political beliefs, each of which is supported by a distinct political party. In addition to that, it is made up of citizens of multiple races, such as Malay, Indian, Chinese, and other races, each of whom unquestionably has their own opinion concerning a variety of different subjects. The disparities in political ideology and cultural upbringing that exist between different ethnic communities are an essential factor in the potential for racial tensions. The objective of this article is twofold: first, to examine how politicians in Malaysia obtain support from voters, either directly or indirectly, by utilising jurisprudence theory; and second, to analyze how politicians, by utilising their authority, attempt to govern people in a peaceful manner. While the study employs a doctrinal approach, the data were gathered through library research to learn how Malaysian politicians use their positions of authority to further their own agendas while attempting to uphold the stability of the nation and the well-being of the people. The analysis concluded that the study of jurisprudence, which encompasses both the theory and philosophy of law, has a significant bearing on Malaysia's political and legal institutions and the constitutional processes and justifications for those institutions. Although obtaining justice for all parties can be challenging, nations typically prefer to adopt decisions that prioritise protecting the general welfare over pursuing the goal of justice.