مطالب

During the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, the villa business in Bali was significantly affected by a decrease in tourist arrivals. Despite the post-pandemic recovery in 2022, the industry had not yet fully regained its momentum. In this challenging situation, this business encountered new challenges, including the implementation of health protocols and the incorporation of information technology. These challenges led to additional costs, further straining the already diminished income due to the decrease in inbound tourism. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the adaptation of villa business to retreat centres during the post-pandemic era and its contributions. Data were collected using literature study, observations, and interviews, then analysed descriptive and interpretative qualitatively. The results showed that villa businesses adapted to the post-pandemic challenges by transforming into retreat destinations. This adaptation was rooted in a product-orientated strategy based on market demand, income optimization, and health needs. Furthermore, the approach used necessitated collaboration with local communities and a commitment to environmental preservation, as these destinations majorly depended on local community assets and a healthy setting. Based on these findings, this adaptive approach had several contributions for sustainable tourism development in terms of empowerment local community, supporting the economy, and ensuring environmental conservation.

 Religious tourism is one of the most thriving types of tourism in the world, and social networks are considered influential tools for developing various types of tourism. The holy city of Karbala in Iraq has long been one of the most popular destinations for religious tourism, and millions of Muslim and non-Muslim tourists visit this city every year. However, no research was found that examined the impact of social media environmental factors on people's behavioral intentions to visit the city of Karbala as a religious tourism destination. This research was conducted with the aim of filling this research gap. This research was a descriptive-causal study with an applied purpose. 390 people participated in this study and answered the standard questionnaire, the validity of which was examined by content and construct validity and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha and was confirmed. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods through SPSS and SMART PLS 4 software. The findings showed that the social media environmental factors, including Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) marketing, visibility, and subjective norms, affect envy towards visitors, emotional experience, and cognitive image of the city of Karbala, and these factors also affect people's behavioral intentions. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of paying attention to social network environmental factors in increasing tourists' behavioral intentions to visit the city of Karbala and developing the religious tourism of this city.

INTRODUCTION: Citizenship behavior in the field of management and organizational psychology refers to voluntary and informal behaviors and actions taken by employees in order to improve the functioning of the organization, go beyond the regular duties, and are carried out voluntarily without expectation of reward. This study analyzes the relationship between employee performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the RCS of Markazi province. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population includes all the employees of the RCS of Markazi province which 130 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. In order to collect data, the standard OCB questionnaire of Organ (1988) and the Job Performance Scale of William & Anderson (1991) were used. The relationship between variables was analyzed using correlation coefficients and regression through SPSS-23 software in two descriptive and inferential sections. FINDINGS: According to the findings, among the 130 participants, 82 (63.1%) and 48 (36.9%) were male and female respectively; the age group of 31-40 had the highest frequency with 57 (43.8%); and 6-10 years of work experience, bachelor's degree level and under -a-contract employment status had the highest frequency with 36 (27.7%), 49 (37.7%) and 51 (39.2%) respectively. However, there are a direct and significant relationship between employee performance and citizenship behavior in the dimensions of "altruism", "conscientiousness", "civic virtue" and "curtsey". The correlation coefficient of organizational performance with the aforementioned dimensions is 0.368, 0.347, 0.233 and 0.397, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed that among the dimensions of OCB, "curtsey" and "civic virtue" have the highest and lowest correlations with the "performance" variable. On the other hand, the "chivalry" has no significant relationship with performance. Also, the effect of OCB on employee performance was significant, which can be said that the predictor variable (OCB) is able to explai

Despite the importance of continuous professional development for schools principals, researches show that their professional development approaches need to be review and move towards programs based on collective learning. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to provide a model for professional learning communities of elementary school principals. The present study was conducted using the qualitative research method of grounded theory and interviews with a targeted sample, including 29 key informants (15 university professors and 14 school principals) with relevant research records. The interviews were analyzed using the coding methods of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Four criteria of data authenticity, transferability, reliability and verifiability were used to check the validity of the data. After conducting interviews and open, axial and selective coding; The research results showed 18 general selection codes including causal conditions (collective learning culture; feeling the need for collective learning; leadership and management styles), contextual conditions (dynamic and flexible organizational structure; infrastructures and facilities; empathy and common goals; Encouraging principals towards learning communities), intervening conditions (teaching soft skills; suitable time and place for meetings related to communities; management knowledge; correct plan and program), central phenomenon (professional learning communities), Strategies for developing professional learning communities (suitable work space; professional learning; the existence of a supportive policy for learning communities; modeling of the experiences of successful schools) and consequences (organizational consequences; student success; professional development of teachers) that reflected the pattern of professional learning communities of primary school principals and the relationships between its different dimensions.

 Objective: This study investigated Gender-Leadership in the ivory tower, a survey of higher education institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria.Methods: A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A simple random sampling method was used to select a sample size of 372 academic and non-academic staff for this study. The instrument used for the study was the Gender-Leadership Questionnaire (GLQ). Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using a t-test.Results: The findings revealed no significant difference in the mean rating scores of women representations in leadership positions in Taraba State institutions of higher learning between academic and non-academic staff. Furthermore, the findings revealed no significant difference in the mean rating scores of underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in Taraba State institutions of higher learning between academic and non-academic staff. Women's representation in leadership positions is lopsided in favor of their male counterparts.Conclusion: Factors that contribute to women's underrepresentation in leadership positions include cognitive bias, uneven access to knowledge, opportunities and administrative responsibility, and societal privileges that favor the males among others.