درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study aimed to explore the attachment patterns in children diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) by examining the experiences and perceptions of their primary caregivers. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 14 primary caregivers of children diagnosed with FASD. Participants were recruited from specialized clinics and support groups. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focusing on topics such as the nature of the child-caregiver relationship, caregiver perceptions of the child's attachment behaviors, challenges in the attachment relationship, and strategies used to support attachment. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically, with theoretical saturation achieved when no new themes emerged. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: the nature of the child-caregiver relationship, caregiver perceptions of the child's attachment behaviors, challenges in the attachment relationship, and strategies used by caregivers to support attachment. Caregivers emphasized the importance of emotional bonding, effective communication, physical closeness, and consistent caregiving in fostering secure attachment. They reported a range of attachment behaviors, including both secure and insecure patterns, influenced by the neurodevelopmental impairments associated with FASD. Key challenges included managing emotional outbursts, behavioral issues, and balancing caregiving roles. Caregivers employed various strategies such as therapeutic interventions, establishing routines, positive reinforcement, and emotional coaching to support attachment. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the attachment patterns in children with FASD, highlighting the critical role of responsive caregiving and the adaptive strategies used by caregivers. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and comprehensive support systems to enhance attachment and promote the developmental well-being of children with FASD. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impact of these attachment patterns and the effectiveness of specific interventions.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ego State Therapy (EST) in enhancing prosocial behavior and health motivation among young adults with mild physical disabilities. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) design was employed, involving 30 participants aged 18-30 with diagnosed mild physical disabilities. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=15), which received eight 90-minute sessions of EST, or the control group (n=15), which received no intervention. Prosocial behavior and health motivation were assessed using the Prosocialness Scale for Adults (PSA) and the Health Motivation Scale (HMS), respectively, at baseline, post-intervention, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 software, with analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements and Bonferroni post-hoc tests to control for multiple comparisons. Results indicated significant improvements in prosocial behavior (F(2, 28) = 12.45, p < 0.001) and health motivation (F(2, 28) = 10.89, p < 0.001) in the intervention group compared to the control group. These improvements were sustained over the five-month follow-up period, with significant interaction effects between group and time for both prosocial behavior (F(2, 28) = 8.67, p < 0.001) and health motivation (F(2, 28) = 9.23, p < 0.001). Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed significant improvements from baseline to post-intervention and from baseline to follow-up in the intervention group, with no significant changes in the control group. Ego State Therapy significantly enhances prosocial behavior and health motivation in young adults with mild physical disabilities, with sustained effects over a five-month follow-up period. These findings suggest that EST is a valuable therapeutic approach for promoting psychological integration and well-being in this population. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential benefits of integrating EST with other therapeutic modalities.