مطالب

The passion scale mainly focuses on the passion for achievement or becoming good in some area/theme/skill. This study aimed to translate the passion scale and assess reliability and content and construct validity for the passion scale in athletic adults in Tehran city. A cross-cultural translation was used to generate a Persian-English version of the passion scale. A total of 200 athletes adults with age 26/79 ± 5/01 completed Persian version of passion scale (PS), enabling us to investigate its feasibility, content validity, internal consistency, construct validity and test-retest reliability. 30 athletes adults stated that all the questionnaire items were simple, clear, and related to the objectives. The overall pattern of results suggests that the scale for passion presented here is applicable for the age studied. The calculated CVI and CVR were 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. All individual item scores correlated positively with the total score, with correlations ranging from 0.67 to 0.81. The Cronbach's alpha value for the standardized items was 0.88. Pearson correlations coefficient between total score passion scale and Grit-S scale were 0.53 for athletic adults. Intra class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between test and retest scores for the total score was 0.92. The results of this study showed that this Persian version of passion scale in athletes adults has a good validity and reliability and can be used in investigating passion of athletes adults.

This article examines the European Union's (EU) strategies toward the Islamic Republic of Iran from the 1979 Islamic Revolution to the present, offering a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of EU-Iran relations through a constructivist lens. The relationship between the EU and Iran has traversed a landscape marked by ideological divergence, geopolitical tensions, and shifts in diplomatic approaches, providing an essential case study for understanding the role of ideas, norms, and identities in international relations. While previous scholarship has largely addressed isolated aspects of EU-Iran relations-such as critical and comprehensive dialogue frameworks, nuclear negotiations, and regional strategy-this study seeks to provide a cohesive overview of the EU's evolving policy by situating these engagements within the broader context of the EU's normative commitments and strategic interests. Employing constructivism as the theoretical foundation, this research argues that the EU's strategies have been shaped not solely by material interests but by the EU' self-perception as a promoter of international norms, such as human rights and nuclear non-proliferation. Additionally, the EU's continuous emphasis on dialogue and diplomacy, even amid rising tensions, reflects its identity as a distinct actor in the international system. The study delves into key aspects of this evolving relationship, including the EU's perception of Iran as a regional actor, the influence of interfaith and intercultural dialogue on EU-Iran engagements, and the ways in which social learning has reshaped EU strategies over time. The analysis reveals that repeated interactions between the EU and Iran have fostered mutual understanding and reframed strategic priorities, shifting from a focus on human rights to broader concerns of energy security and regional stability. This constructivist approach underscores the socially constructed nature of threats, opportunities, and interests, offering a nuanced understanding of the EU's enduring engagement with Iran. By shedding light on the ideational factors that inform EU policy, this study contributes valuable insights into the complexities of EU-Iran relations within an evolving global context.