مطالب

Background: Identifying the practice conditions that optimize the learning of motor skills is one of the main objectives in the field of human motor learning research.Aim: Present study aimed to explore the effect of success criteria in low-error practice conditions on motor learning, self-efficacy, and mood states among female students.Materials and Methods: This practical quasi-experimental study was conducted in a field setting. The participants were 30 female students from Yazd University, selected through convenience sampling. After they completed the consent form, the selected participants were randomly divided into three groups: low-error practice with a large target (n= 10), low-error practice with a small target (n= 10), and a low-error control group (n= 10). Then, mixed ANOVA was applied in order to test the hypotheses and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, with a significance level set at P < 0.05.Results: The findings indicate that both the large (P=0.003) and small (P=0.001) target groups significantly outperformed the control group (P=0 .033) regarding the difference in performance accuracy. Moreover, In the small target group, a significant difference was observed only in the happiness subscale considering mood states (P=0.001), while in the large target group, significant differences were found in the tension (P=0 .003), depression (P=0.001), and fatigue subscales (P= 0.001). Regarding self-efficacy, significant differences were observed in the power dimension in both the large (P=0 .001) and small target groups (P=0.003)Conclusion: The use of success criteria in low-error practice methods is beneficial, and it is recommended to adopt this approach to improve accuracy and stability in practice sessions.

Iran is considered one of the ancient and civilized countries of the world, with a culture and civilization that has persisted for thousands of years without collapse. Written storytelling is one of the defining features of ancient civilizations, with its origins in Iran dating back approximately three thousand years. This article examines storytelling models in classical Persian literature. The common narrative methods in classical Persian literature can be categorized into five models: the repetitive model, the pearl beads on a plate model, the string of pearls (pearl necklace) model, the cluster of grapes model, and the grand narratives containing smaller stories model. It should be noted that the diversity of these methods is closely linked to the customs, traditions, and tastes of ancient Iranian society. Traces of these storytelling techniques can be observed in classical Persian literature until the twentieth century. However, after this period, influenced by contemporary European literature, these models gradually faded and disappeared from contemporary Persian literature.

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating a pessimism questionnaire in married people.Methods: The research method was based on the applied objective and the mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative). The socio-statistics of the research were all professors and experts of clinical psychology and family counselors of Ardabil province in 2022. Among the statistical population, 15 people (11 men and 4 women) were selected based on the principle of opinion saturation as a statistical sample of the qualitative part, and 250 people (136 men and 114 women) were selected as a sample of the quantitative part as a non-random sampling available (easy access) became Interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information. Thematic analysis was used with MAXQDA 2018 software to code the interview texts. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha method, construct validity (convergent and discriminant validity), and partial least squares (PLS) were used to analyze the data from the researcher-made questionnaire using SPSS and SmartPLS software.Results: The results indicated that the reliability and validity of the structure (convergence and divergence) were confirmed at an excellent level, and then the confirmatory factor analysis models were confirmed both in the mode of standard coefficients and the mode of absolute significance (p<0/05). Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that due to the innovation of this questionnaire, this questionnaire should be administered to couples before marriage in counseling centers and psychotherapy under the supervision of experienced professors with university experience and couples with pessimism problems before starting life.Conclusion: The joint should be examined and treated during effective protocols to prevent the problems caused by pessimism, which sometimes leads to the disintegration of the joint life if it is aggravated.

One of the functions of environmental sociology is the creation and development of socio-environmental concepts. “Environmental socialization” is one such concept, addressing which can offer valuable insights for future research, policymaking, and intervention strategies. Accordingly, this article aims first to explore the meaning and conceptual dimensions of environmental socialization as thoroughly as possible, and second to identify the contexts influencing it through a review of the theoretical literature and empirical studies in the field. This research employs a document-based method using content analysis of relevant texts. In terms of data collection, it is a library-based study, and in terms of data analysis, it falls within the category of qualitative content research. Based on the most prominent and recurrent themes found in expert definitions of the broader concept of "socialization," “environmental socialization” can be defined as the process of learning and internalizing environmental attitudes and awareness, and their behavioral manifestation in everyday life. Furthermore, drawing on themes derived from empirical research, the primary contexts in which environmental socialization occurs include residential environments, family, peer groups, educational settings, and media.