مطالعه پدیدارشناختی مهاجرت بین المللی دختران تحصیل کرده ایرانی (مورد مطالعه دختران مراجعه کننده به اداریه تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی شهرستان اصفهان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مهاجرت بین المللی افراد پدیده ای کهن است. امروزه الگو، روند و میزان این نوع مهاجرت تغییر یافته است، تا جائی که زنان تحصیل کردیه جویای کار بیشتر از کشورهای توسعه نیافته به کشورهای توسعه یافته تر مهاجرت می کنند. الگویی که با نام زنانه شدن مهاجرت شناخته می شود؛ ویژگی های خاص خود را دارد و کمتر درباریه آن مطالعه و تحقیق شده است. متناسب با اهمیت موضوع و کمبود مطالعات کیفی مربوط، هدف این مقاله تحلیلِ پدیدارشناسانیه دلایل و زمینه های مرتبط با مهاجرتِ دختران تحصیل کردیه ایرانی با کمکِ رویکرد پدیدارشناسی تفسیری اسمیت بوده است. شیویه نمونه گیری هدفمند و غیرتصادفی بوده است و از روش مصاحبیه نیمه ساختاریافته برای گردآوری داده ها استفاده شد. تحلیل داده ها براساس مراحل و شاخص های پیشنهادی اسمیت صورت گرفت. تحلیل داده ها نشان داد نوعی «ناهم زمانی خواست با اقدام به مهاجرت» ویژگی تجربیه مشترک میل به مهاجرت مشارکت کنندگان بوده است و اینکه واحدهای جامع تجربیه این دختران از مهاجرت را می توان ذیل شبکیه درهم تنیدیه مجموعه مضامین توصیف و تفسیر کرد؛ ازجمله: 1- فرار از تنگناهای چندگانه و تحققِ آرزوها در آرمان شهر غرب؛ 2- خودشکوفایی در پرتوی قدرشناسی و کسب سرماییه اجتماعی؛ 3- احساس تبعیض و محرومیت چندگانه؛ 4- تحقق حداقل های اقتصادی برآورده نشده؛ 5- رهایی از احساس ناامنی چندجانبه و 6- مشوق های بی قیدوشرط شبکیه ارتباطی.A Phenomenological Study of International Migration of Iranian Educated Girls (Case Study of Girls Referring to the Cooperative, Labor, and Social Welfare Department of Isfahan City)
IntroductionMigration defined as the geographical mobility of individuals and groups takes various forms for diverse purposes, such as education, employment, and forced displacement (e.g., asylum). It occurs at both national and international levels. From a sociological perspective, the rates and patterns of migration, the individuals involved, and the motivations behind migration fluctuate based on the social and economic characteristics of societies. Over time, like other social phenomena, migration patterns have evolved. Two significant trends are the internationalization and feminization of migration. Driven by globalization, migration predominantly occurs on an international scale, with individuals from developing countries moving to more developed nations for various reasons. The feminization of migration refers to the increasing trend of educated women migrating independently to developed countries in search of employment opportunities, contrasting with the past when men primarily undertook such migrations, either alone or with their families. Iran is recognized as one of the world's leading countries in terms of both international emigration and female emigration. However, previous studies, often influenced by androcentric biases or "sex roles" theories, have frequently neglected or inadequately addressed women's international migration. Additionally, these studies have relied heavily on quantitative data and methodologies, overlooking the personal perceptions and contextual factors that motivate girls to migrate. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the phenomenon of international migration among educated Iranian girls, exploring the contexts and reasons associated with it through an interpretive phenomenological approach. Materials & MethodsThis study was conducted within an interpretive paradigm, utilizing a phenomenological approach and Smith's Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. In phenomenological research, participants are those who have directly experienced the phenomenon or are deeply engaged with it. Accordingly, 6 young women intending to migrate abroad were purposefully selected for this study. These participants visited the Isfahan City Cooperative, as well as Labor and Social Welfare Office, weekly or biweekly between early Khordad 1400 (June 2021) and the first week of Shahrivar 1400 (September 2021) to cancel their educational commitments due to the availability of free education in Iranian universities.The key criteria for participant selection included a definite intention to emigrate to a developed country and a willingness to participate in the study. The sampling method employed was both convenient and purposeful. Data collection was carried out through open-ended dialogues and semi-structured interviews.The primary unit of data analysis was the content of significant sentences. Data were labeled and thematized according to Smith's method, which involved a process of reading and re-reading interview transcripts, taking initial notes, developing emerging themes, and exploring links and relationships between the identified themes. To validate the findings, the researchers analyzed and reviewed the constructed themes multiple times, solicited participant feedback on the interpretation and representation of the data, and included direct quotes from participants' statements under each illustrated theme and its sub-themes. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe researchers identified 5 overarching themes that encapsulated the participants' interpretations of their motivations for migration: “escape from multiple constraints and the pursuit of desires in a Western utopia”, “self-fulfillment through gratitude and the acquisition of social capital”, “experiences of multiple discrimination and deprivation”, “satisfaction of unmet economic needs”, and “relief from feelings of insecurity”, along with “unconditional incentives from their communication networks”.These women held a distinct perspective shaped by an ontological "dualism", attributing "negative-repulsive" characteristics to their home country (Iran) and "positive-attractive" qualities to their destinations (developed countries). This dualistic view fueled their social and political motivations for migration. In their own words, they sought to escape the complex, insecure, and distressing conditions of life in their homeland. They viewed migration as a strategy to achieve their aspirations and acquire a cultural identity in a safe, peaceful, culturally diverse, and tolerant environment, where opportunities to realize their full potential as individuals and as women appeared more attainable. They had been planning and taking steps toward this goal for years.Drawing on Smith's pivotal concept of "comprehensive experience", we could view the "intention" to migrate as a "thread" in a rosary, weaving together the seemingly disparate past, present, and future plans of these young women. Their understanding and interpretation of the contrasting realities—real or imagined—of the two "social spaces" (domestic and foreign) could be visualized as a scale, where the perceived benefits of the destination significantly had heightened their desire to migrate.In simple terms, these women, dissatisfied with the social, cultural, and economic conditions of their home country and facing various forms of discrimination and deprivation, regarded migration to developed countries as a hopeful avenue to fulfill their unmet desires, improve their quality of life, and escape their difficult circumstances. Their decision to migrate was facilitated by their cultural capital (attributes of the individuals) and the socioeconomic opportunities available globally (structural conditions), making migration a rational and feasible choice.From a phenomenological perspective, the overarching interpretation of their migration intention could be framed as a quest for "liberation from the unbearable conditions of their origin and fulfillment of unmet desires in the destination". Additionally, it is crucial to note that the patterns, reasons, and contexts associated with the women's migration possessed distinct characteristics that had extended beyond purely economic motivations and diverged significantly from male migration patterns. AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to all participants, who generously shared their time and insights for this research. Their collaboration and support were instrumental in the successful completion of this study.
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