روش شناسی ساخت شاخص ترکیبی توسعه اجتماعی: تصیمات کلیدی و نتایج (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
برای ساخت ابزار سنجش توسعیه اجتماعی ضرورت روش شناسی ایجاب می کند، از چارچوب جامعی تبعیت شود تا با پاسخ گویی به انتظارات مفهومی و روشی، شاخص ها در چارچوبی مدون و معتبر منطبق شوند. مقالیه حاضر چالش های پیش روی ساخت این ابزار را شرح داده است. در این پژوهش از روش ناردو و همکاران برای ساخت شاخص ترکیبی استفاده شده که دارای ده مرحله است؛ 6 مرحلیه اول مربوط به ساخت شاخص ترکیبی، دو مرحلیه بعدی مرتبط با ارزیابی نحویه ساخت و دو مرحلیه آخر راه های ارائه و انتشار شاخص را بررسی می کنند. مطابق یافته ها در انتخاب معرف ها و شاخص ها رعایت تناسب با محتوای نظری، اهداف پژوهش و فاکتور غیرجایگزین بودن مدنظر بود. ساختاربندی داده ها با معیارهای قدرت تحلیل، عدم هم پوشانی، قابلیت دسترسی و اعتمادپذیربودن بررسی شد. داده های مخدوش، ناقص، پرت و داده هایی که با یکدیگر هم پوشانی داشتند، حذف و استحکام ابزار به دست آمده با تحلیل نااطمینانی آزمون شد. مشکل وزن های متفاوت معرف ها و شاخص ها با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل مؤلفه های اصلی برطرف شد. برای حل مشکل عدم تقارن، ابتدا هر شاخص از ترکیب معرف های مرتبط و هر بُعد از ترکیب شاخص های آن به دست آمد؛ درنهایت ابعاد به صورت خطی با یکدیگر جمع شدند و امتیاز شاخص ترکیبی نهایی یا همان توسعیه اجتماعی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان می دهد مجموعه ای از 11 شاخص در سه گروه: بهره مندی از انواع امکانات و خدمات (سرماییه انسانی و بهره مندی)، سطح دسترسی به انواع امکانات و خدمات (سرماییه زیرساختی و دسترسی) و کم و کیف وضعیت انسجام اجتماعی (سرماییه اجتماعی و انسجام) ابعاد مختلف توسعیه اجتماعی در ایران را اندازه گیری می کنند.Methodology for Developing a Composite Social Development Index (CSDI): Essential Decisions and Results
Introduction
How is social development measured in Iran? Social development is a multidimensional concept and no single dimension can provide a comprehensive understanding of it. However, measuring complex social issues, such as social development with their various dimensions and dispersed information as a single variable poses significant challenges. As a result, composite indicators are typically employed. In recent years, the use of these indicators has grown significantly among international organizations. Despite their increasing popularity, aggregating heterogeneous information into a composite indicator remains difficult and social researchers in Iran have largely overlooked this issue. Often, social development indicators are considered in isolation, which leads to a narrow and incomplete perspective in policymaking. The absence of a scientific consensus on the selection of these indicators has rendered social development goals somewhat idealistic and subjective. Therefore, construction of a composite indicator is crucial. Such an indicator can improve data management, enhance analysis, optimize resource utilization, and facilitate comparisons across different regions. Furthermore, a composite indicator can capture long-term changes and sustainable impacts, serving as an effective tool for evaluating and monitoring projects and policies. Nonetheless, the process of constructing a composite indicator is complex and fraught with challenges as key decisions can significantly impact the quality and reliability of the results. This article explored the methodological decisions involved in creating a Composite Social Development Index (CSDI) in Iran, addressed the associated challenges, and proposed new methods to clarify this issue.
Materials & Methods
In this study, we adopted the method developed by Nardo et al. for constructing the composite index. When selecting a method for aggregating individual indicators, several key factors must be considered: nature of indicators (compensated vs. non-compensated), type of aggregation (simple vs. complex), basis of comparison (absolute vs. relative), and nature of weightings (objective vs. subjective). It is important to recognize that there is no definitive or permanent approach to the composite indicator-building process. At times, it may be necessary to forgo certain requirements or adjust the methodology based on specific circumstances.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
This article explored the methodological tools employed in constructing the Composite Social Development Index (CSDI), highlighting the key decisions made at each stage. The primary dimensions of social development were identified during the theoretical framework phase. The selection of indices and indicators was guided by their alignment with theoretical content and the principle of non-compensation. Data were collected from various sources, including the general census, statistical yearbooks, official organizational reports, and reputable national research projects. To validate the underlying structure of the data, it was evaluated against criteria, such as analytical power, lack of overlap, accessibility, and reliability. Normalization techniques were applied to facilitate meaningful comparisons between indicators, which included standardizing the data to a common scale or adjusting it relative to a constant value. To address the issue of unequal weighting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to assign appropriate weights to the indicators. Subsequently, the weighted normalized indicators were aggregated using mathematical modeling to ensure that the final index accurately reflected the multifaceted nature of social development. The constructed index underwent validation through consistency checks and comparisons with existing social development measurements.
The results indicated that the CSDI, which encompassed 3 dimensions, 11 indicators, and 89 indices, effectively analyzed various aspects of social development in a coherent and comprehensible manner. This tool not only enables policymakers to accurately assess the current situation, but also facilitates monitoring of changes and analysis of trends within the social domain. The CSDI serves as an analytical tool that aids in formulating social development action strategies for interventions by enhancing understanding of the situation, enabling regular and direct monitoring, analyzing trends, and increasing policymakers' responsiveness.
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