درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Many SADC countries host foreign offenders in their prisons. One of the measures adopted by these countries to deal with this challenge is to transfer the foreign offenders to serve part(s) of their sentences in their respective countries. This has been achieved through enacting domestic legislation on the transfer of offenders and signing bilateral and, to a small extent, multilateral prisoner transfer agreements. In August 2019, the “SADC Protocol on the Inter-State Transfer of Sentenced Offenders” (the Protocol) was adopted. The Preamble to the Protocol states that the underlying reason for the transfer is to “contribute towards the social reintegration” of the transferred offenders. As of the time of writing this article, the Protocol had not yet come into force. In this article, the author highlights some of the human rights issues that are likely to be contentious in the implementation or enforcement of the Protocol, especially in the light of the prisoner transfer legislation in different SADC countries. These issues are: grounds for transfer of foreign offenders (under this sub-theme, the author discusses the persons eligible for transfer, application for transfer and consent to transfer); enforcement of the sentence; pardon, amnesty, commutation of sentences and parole; cost of transfer; monitoring the enforcement of the sentence; access to information by the prisoner before the transfer and after the transfer.

Background and Theoretical Foundations : The Caspian Sea region underwent a fundamental geopolitical transformation following the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the emergence of new littoral states: Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This shift reconfigured the regional strategic landscape, presenting Iran with a complex mix of new opportunities and security challenges. The increased presence and competition of regional and extra-regional powers further underscored the necessity for Iran to consolidate and enhance its national power in this vital area. This research is grounded in the theoretical understanding that national power is a multifaceted construct, and its sustainable enhancement in a strategic region like the Caspian is essential for safeguarding national security interests. Methodology : This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The research process began with an extensive review of theoretical literature and an environmental assessment of the Caspian Sea littoral states to identify relevant geopolitical factors. Subsequently, an analytical model was developed to frame the investigation. Data collection was conducted through a researcher-designed questionnaire, distributed comprehensively to a statistical population of 80 experts and specialists in fields related to geopolitics, security, and Caspian Sea studies. The gathered data were then analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques and methods to process the expert opinions and evaluate the research questions systematically. Findings : The analysis of the data revealed that the factors influencing the continuous enhancement of Iran's national power in the Caspian Sea, with a focus on national security, are comprehensive and span five key domains: Human, Military, Economic, Political, and Natural. From these broad domains, a total of 27 specific and impactful geopolitical indicators were identified and extracted. These indicators provide a detailed map of the critical elements, from human capital and military preparedness to economic integration, diplomatic leverage, and the utilization of natural resources, that collectively determine Iran's strategic position and security posture in the Caspian region. Conclusion : In conclusion, the sustainable strengthening of Iran's national power in the Caspian Sea is not contingent upon a single factor but requires an integrated and balanced strategy across all five identified domains. The 27 geopolitical indicators serve as a crucial framework for policymakers. Addressing these indicators in a coherent manner is essential for formulating effective policies and strategies. Ultimately, a continuous and multidimensional enhancement of national power based on this framework is fundamental to promoting and ensuring the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the strategically vital Caspian Sea region.