درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been dragged into political and legal fields in parallel with the battlefield, and the international community, including Iran, has been subsequently drawn into the situation. The controversial debates concerning Iran’s role in supplying Russia with armed drones prior to and during Russia’s Military Operations in Ukraine raise the question of Iran's international responsibility in the ongoing war. The provision of armed drones to Russia does not, in itself, constitute a violation of international law unless Iran knowingly and intentionally engaged in an internationally wrongful act. Evidence is not conclusive so far whether Iran's transfer of armed drones to Russia is a breach of international law. Besides, the use of the drones yielded military advantages to both sides: Russia could narrow down the impact of its attacks, respecting the principle of distinction, while Ukraine could target Iranian drones more easily than Russia’s missiles, which is compatible with Iran’s positive obligations under International Humanitarian Law (IHL).

The present study aims to design and explain a university autonomy-oriented organization model using a mixed approach. In the qualitative section of the research, the statistical population consisted of scientific and organizational experts from Payam Noor University. So, 16 experts were selected for interviews using targeted snowball sampling. Moreover, in the quantitative section of the study, 245 people were selected out of 675 professors and staff, who formed the statistical population based on the sample size determined by Krejcie and Morgan table using random sampling. This study made use of semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire as instruments of data collection in qualitative and quantitative sections, respectively. The qualitative data were analyzed through the thematic analysis technique using Maxqda10 software, while the quantitative data were analyzed using PLS3. Content and face validity were assessed, as well as the intercoder reliability. The results identified a total of 4 dimensions and 8 components for a university autonomy-oriented organization. The identified dimensions include organizational autonomy, personnel autonomy, financial autonomy, and academic autonomy. Also, the components consisting of supportive policy, clear policy perspective, organizational values, success trend analysis, financing, financial management, organizational communications, and sustainable thinking were approved by the software.

The study refers to the competence given to commercial courts in Poland to be guided by “humanitarian reasons” in matters regarding the debt relief for insolvent natural persons. Humanitarian reasons allow the omission of general legal standards. The general clause "humanitarian reasons" can be clarified by referring– inter alia– to the Judeo-Christian traditional concept of debt relief and philosophy. However, Poland is a secular state. In Mosaic law, the debt relief was systemic in nature due to the construction of the sabbath and jubilee years. In Christian ethics, human dignity, forgiveness and mercy have an important place. The influence of Judeo-Christian tradition in Poland on the concept of humanitarianism is a fact. Irrespective of the personal beliefs of the body applying the law and the specific addressee of the court ruling, Judeo-Christian tradition allows for the formulation of directives as to the judicial interpretation of the term "humanitarian” in a secular state.

Safe extraction from oil and gas reservoirs in the seas and its transfer to the consumption market is among the most important concerns of energy-rich countries to secure their financial interests along with preserving the environment to increase the duration of extraction. The employer's requirement for the contractor to compile a report on the environmental effects of the work is one of the most significant initial steps in concluding the contract to estimate the risk, evaluate and manage the work. Apart from the legal obligations of the oil and gas contractor to comply with principles such as prevention and precautionary measures to prevent environmental damage, the contractor should take essential measures to prevent environmental damage through meeting the highest environmental standards in the field of exploration, drilling, extraction, maintenance and transportation, provision and usage of new methodologies, preservation of protected areas, non-interruption of others' access to water resources and preservation of mineral resources, dismantling facilities after the completion of the contract, and obligation to comply with the principles of the host country. Although contractors usually try to include a stability condition in their contracts in order to avoid more environmental obligations in the future, it seems that the principle of government ownership of natural resources can ignore this right at any time. The condition keeps environmental rules and principles as a priority. The present article has been compiled in a descriptive analytical way and in a library way.

In the past several decades, Islamophobia has emerged as a significant term in both popular and technical discourse. This term, regardless of its original meaning, is a construct that involves a variety of concepts such as “discrimination against Muslims” and “hostility toward Islam”. This article attempts to explore various aspects and manifestations of Islamophobia in the framework of human rights. The first part of this paper examines the historical background of the term as it was developed in the Human Rights agenda of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to comprehend the legal aspects of Islamophobia. The second part focuses on the conceptual analysis of Islamophobia, distinguishing between two distinct forms of the term in the context of human rights. Defining Islamophobia and demarcating its manifestations in a human rights framework would facilitate a better understanding of both the term and its conceptual boundaries in relation to similar terms and concepts. The author concludes that the United Nations resolutions, OIC standards, and European Union initiatives recognize the importance of responsible expression and realize the need for legal frameworks to combat all forms of Islamophobia. In comparison to other associated terms employed in UN and OIC human rights instruments, Islamophobia represents an inclusive term that can provide a acceptable legal framework for all stakeholders.