درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This article explores the themes of national and cultural identity as depicted in the thoughts and works of Rabindranath Tagore- a pivotal figure in specifically sub-continental literature, and Ferdowsi- the legendary Persian poet. Both writers, separated by centuries and cultural contexts, utilized their literary genius to reflect on nationhood and cultural pride. Tagore, writing during the British colonial era in India, and Ferdowsi, during the formation of a unified Persian identity under various rulers, offer unique perspectives on how literature can serve as a vehicle for expressing and shaping national identity. This essay delves into how these literary giants contributed to forming cultural consciousness and national identity in their respective societies by comparing their thoughts and beliefs showcased in their works.

This article attempts to explore the influence of T. S. Eliot’s modernist poetics on the works of Iranian poets, Ahmad Shamlou and Sohrab Sepehri. It examines how these Iranian poets engaged with the concepts of “tradition,” “language,” and “myth” in their writings, drawing upon Eliot’s critical perspectives. The article begins with an overview of T. S. Eliot’s significance as an Anglo-American figure of twentieth century literature, and how his modernist themes and techniques resonated with Iranian poets navigating their own cultural transformations. It then reviews relevant secondary sources that provide critical frameworks for understanding the relationships between Eliot, Shamlou, Sepehri, and the broader modernist poetic tradition. The core discussion analyzes how Shamlou and Sepehri, inspired by Eliot’s innovative spirit, may have sought to redefine their engagement with Persian classical poetry. They utilized new approaches to language and expression to challenge established forms, especially through using defamiliarization and mythical method, while still drawing upon their rich literary heritage. By tracing these intertextual and cross-cultural connections, the article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the transnational circulation of modernist poetic ideals, especially Eliot’s preoccupations, and how they were reinterpreted and reinvigorated within the Iranian literary context. In fact, this comparative analysis sheds light on the complexities of cultural exchange and the evolution of modern poetry across geographic boundaries.

La présente étude examine, selon une approche analytique-descriptive, et à travers la méthode de bibliothèque au niveau de la collecte de données et d’informations, l’impact du milieu et de l'hérédité dans une œuvre phare de la littérature du XIXe siècle: Le Père Goriot d'Honoré de Balzac. Les traits acquis apparaissent généralement au fil du temps et sous l'influence des facteurs externes tels les milieux familial et social, et jouent, par là, un rôle crucial dans le développement de la personnalité. Dans le corpus choisi, nous cherchons à montrer que selon la théorie de Freud, la formation de la personnalité d’Eugène de Rastignac reflète les traces d'un milieu inapproprié et d'une hérédité défavorable, ce qui demeure manifestement repérable dans son mode de vie, bref dans son être au monde au fil du temps. La problématique de notre recherche se résume autour de ces interrogations primordiales: Quels sont les facteurs qui peuvent changer la personnalité du protagoniste tout au long de sa vie et dans son passage du milieu d’origine (province d’Angoulême) au milieu de destination (ville de Paris)? Quel est l’impact du milieu et de l'hérédité sur la formation du comportement et de l’identité Innée et Acquise du personnage à toutes les étapes de la vie? Lequel des deux facteurs de l’environnement et de l’hérédité parait plus performant dans le processus du développement de la personnalité du protagoniste? A cet effet, l’approche psychanalytique de Freud, l’orientation cognitivo-constructiviste de Piaget, le modèle Stimulus-Réponse-Conséquence de Wallon, et le behaviorisme de Watson, servent d’angles théoriques à la méthodologie adoptée. Le choix du sujet et la problématique adoptée s’expliquent à travers l’impact de l’hérédité et du milieu en tant que deux facteurs dynamiques fondamentaux qui imprègnent la personnalité au niveau des caractéristiques innés et acquis, configurés par le continuum intrinsèques/extrinsèques, et conditionnés par les traits génotype/phénotype. 

Abbās Quli Aqā Bākikhānov (1794-1847) and Mirzā FatḥʾAli Akhundzādeh (1812-78) both came from the same socio-economic class, performed the same professional function in Russian government service, and shared literary interests as shown by their membership of the same literary club in Tiflis. They also aimed at reforming and modernizing the Azeri and Iranian societies. However, it was also on this very subject that their differences became apparent. Not only did they disagree on what the nature of that change had to be, but they also diverged about the pace of change. Whereas Akhundzādeh wanted to travel in the fast lane to bring about modern and secular indigenous societies that were modeled after a modernizing Russia, Bākikhānov argued for traveling the slower lane, preserving what he considered was good and worthwhile of his traditional native cultures, which also included a modernized form of Islam and the teaching of Persian. The two men also differed in their approach to how to help bring about the desired changes. Akhundzādeh used his literary talent to mainly address the educated class by showing them in his plays and prose how backward their society was and, by implication, how necessary it was to secularize and Europeanize. Bākikhānov, being more of a Sufi-bent Muslim, wanted to reach Azeri society in a much more targeted way. Neither man was successful in their objective during their lifetime, although their works had a lasting influence on Azeri and Iranian reformers.