درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The history of waqf (endowment) in the Islamic world dates back to old times, and this noble tradition has had a significant impact on Islamic society from its inception. One of the most successful examples of the longevity and effectiveness of waqf institutions in both the Islamic world and globally is Astan-i Quds Razavi. This endowment institution, dedicated to Imam Reza (PBUH), boasts a long-standing historical presence in Iran and, throughout its flourishing existence, has exerted considerable political, social, and economic influence. This article begins with a brief definition of waqf and then examines the establishment of the waqf system within Astan-i Quds Razavi. It traces the institution’s expansion and development over various historical periods, highlighting significant events and milestones. Finally, the study addresses the major impacts this endowment institution has had throughout its history. The research findings reveal that cultural endowments in Astan-i Quds Razavi began with the donation of Qurʾanic manuscripts in the early centuries. From the tenth century onward, with the official establishment of Shiʿism in Iran and the growing significance of Mashhad as the spiritual capital of the Safavids, Astan-i Quds entered a phase of expansion and prosperity as an endowment institution. Its continued development was ensured by the direct administration of the highest ruling authorities throughout different historical periods, as well as the persistent devotion of Imam Reza’s (PBUH) followers across centuries.

Objective: The tourism sector, a significant component of the global service industry, is vital for a nation’s economic development and income generation. Therefore, it is essential to ascertain the factors influencing the demand for this type of service. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of exchange rates on tourism demand in Iran. Methods: This study examined the long-term and short-term relationships between Iran’s tourism arrivals and variables such as the exchange rate, political risk, and other factors influencing tourism demand, including inflation, foreign investment, oil revenue, GDP, and population, employing time series data from 1995 to 2024 and the Dynamic ARDL simulation method. Results: The results indicate that political risk significantly detrimentally affects Iran’s tourism demand, whereas the exchange rate has a notable positive influence. Since 2010, when the fourth round of sanctions began, political risk has escalated owing to internal and external conflicts, negatively impacting international tourism demand. Conclusions: The interplay between exchange rate variables and political risk was found to positively influence tourism demand. The increase in the exchange rate decreases the costs of tourism services, and also stimulates creative business endeavors in the tourism industry.

This study aims to explore the psychological and emotional adjustment of parents raising children with intellectual disabilities. This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 26 parents recruited through online platforms. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, ensuring diversity in caregiving experiences. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and all interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software to identify key themes related to parental psychological adjustment, coping mechanisms, and social interactions. The results revealed that parents experienced significant emotional distress upon receiving their child’s diagnosis, including grief, denial, and prolonged sadness. Chronic stress was a recurring theme, with concerns over financial burdens, caregiving demands, and uncertainty about their child’s future contributing to heightened anxiety. Coping strategies varied, with some parents relying on social support networks, religious beliefs, and cognitive reframing, while others struggled with emotional exhaustion and isolation. Family relationships were deeply affected, with some parents reporting marital strain and sibling adjustments, whereas others experienced strengthened familial bonds. Social stigma and external judgment further complicated parental adjustment, with many parents becoming active advocates for disability rights and inclusion. Despite the challenges, many parents reported significant personal growth, emotional resilience, and increased psychological strength over time. The psychological and emotional adjustment of parents raising children with intellectual disabilities is a complex process influenced by stress, coping mechanisms, family dynamics, and social factors. While many parents experience significant distress, those with strong support systems and adaptive strategies demonstrate greater resilience. This study highlights the need for targeted support programs, advocacy efforts, and policy interventions to enhance parental well-being and social inclusion.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Sandplay Therapy in reducing self-handicapping behaviors and improving the quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 children diagnosed with ASD, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 15) receiving Sandplay Therapy or the control group (n = 15) receiving no intervention. The intervention consisted of eight 90-minute sessions conducted over eight weeks. Self-handicapping behaviors were measured using the Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS), and quality of life was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), both of which demonstrated established validity and reliability. Assessments were conducted at pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, with post-hoc comparisons conducted using the Bonferroni test. The results indicated a significant reduction in self-handicapping behaviors in the experimental group from pre-test (M = 42.85, SD = 4.31) to post-test (M = 31.76, SD = 3.76) and further at follow-up (M = 29.45, SD = 3.45), while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Similarly, quality of life improved significantly in the experimental group, with scores increasing from pre-test (M = 52.12, SD = 5.12) to post-test (M = 63.45, SD = 4.78) and follow-up (M = 67.32, SD = 4.50), whereas the control group remained stable. ANOVA results confirmed significant main effects of time and group, as well as a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05). Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons indicated that improvements were sustained at follow-up. Sandplay Therapy is an effective intervention for reducing self-handicapping behaviors and enhancing the quality of life in children with ASD, with sustained benefits observed at follow-up. These findings highlight the potential of nonverbal, expressive therapies in supporting emotional regulation and adaptive functioning in children with ASD.