درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In this article I have tried to conceptualize some problematic issues regarding the status of university in what I have named ‘world-epoch of virtuality’. In my view, world-epoch of virtuality has changed the meanings and functions of the concepts of time and space as well as the concepts of knowledge, science and education which traditionally dealt with in/and through university. So, it seems that the idea and functions of university are being changed. The concept of ‘topos’ is central to my account, because it encapsulates all the meanings related to time, space and knowledge.

Light plays an important role in the valuation of architectural elements, and it is a factor in designing spaces. Elements have no visual identity without light. This paper is intended to analyze the lighting in the vault of Shahrak-e-Gharb Jame Mosque with an emphasis on the role of daylight in order to find out how the designer has viewed the use of daylight in designing this mosque. The main ques tion of this research is, “what is the role of natural daylight within the vault of Shahrak-e-Gharb Jame Mosque?”. For this purpose, the light intensity was measured in the Shabes tan and the vault of the mosque as an architectural monument using photometric ins truments. Then, the trajectory of natural light was simulated using DIALux during a whole year, and the results were analyzed indicating that the role of natural light as an identity element in exhibiting the luminance of the mihrab has been neglected, and the light intensity seems uniform and boring within the vault. 

We know little about the physical environment -walking relationship in middle-eas t countries. There is also a need for qualitative approaches to s tudying this relationship. This s tudy aimed to unders tand the physical contextual factors influencing the everyday walking experience of middle-aged residents in an area of Tehran, Iran. It utilized an inductive qualitative content analysis along with Cons tant Comparative Analysis (CCA). The main themes and categories explored were safety and security (sense of insecurity, sense of inadequate safety), comfort and convenience (lack of physical comfort, accessibility to des tinations and amenities, the possibility to do rhythmic walking, sense of overcrowding), and aes thetics and attractiveness (variety and harmony, cleanliness and maintenance, natural elements). The subset concepts of the categories were also explored, including lighting, presence of others, air pollution, crossing s treets, the surface of sidewalks, walking on the side of s treets roadway, thermal comfort, s tepping s tairs, noise nuisance, dis tances to the neighborhood facilities, sitting places, characteris tics of paths, overloaded s treets, non-local offices and s tores, variety and harmony of building facades, old buildings, a variety of colors, various s tores, enclosure, upkeep of buildings, greenery, presence of water and birds, and natural sounds. Narrow and uneven sidewalks influenced walking in multiple aspects. This s tudy proposed considerations and details to the general urban policies and interventions to encourage walking. The results of this s tudy can facilitate urban designers and planners in creating community built environments, which promote clean transportation and public health.

Designing the facade's color based on user evaluation is necessary due to the effect of color on people's evaluation. To evaluate the facade's color, its combination should be categorized. The emotional dimensions of color evaluation should be assessed due to the variety of emotional scales of color evaluation. Thus, the question arises: What are the emotional scales describing the facade's color and components. During a study, temperature, harmony, and weight were considered to describe the color in facades. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the components related to defining the color composition's weight scale. First, some components were identified to determine the weight of the color combination through a semi-structured interview. Based on the results, a questionnaire was prepared. The final results were obtained using the Q method analysis with the help of color strips and HSL codes. Therefore, to describe the combination color of the facade as light and heavy, the facade with a light color combination has at least 30% openings. At least 70% of facade areas and openings have a hue with more than 90% lightness. In addition, the saturation of at least 70% of the area is less than 30% and 5% with warm and cool hues, respectively. At least 70% of facade areas and openings have a hue with less than 65% lightness and a heavy color combination.