درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of residential floor plans from three pivotal periods in Iranian history: the Zand (1751–1794 CE), Qajar (1789–1925 CE), and Pahlavi (1925–1979 CE) eras. By examining prominent residential buildings from each period, the study investigates the transformation of circulation features, namely courtyards, iwans, corridors, and vestibules (hashtis). Findings reveal a progressive reduction in courtyard centrality and hierarchical access systems during the Zand and Qajar eras, shifting toward linear, corridor-based, and Western-influenced layouts in the Pahlavi period. This change decreased reliance on introverted, multi-courtyard configurations for privacy and climate control, favoring open-plan structures with direct entrances and reduced spatial segregation. This evolution reflects changing approaches to spatial organization, privacy, and formal access in response to modernization and shifting cultural paradigms. The study contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between architecture and historical context in Iran, highlighting the significance of residential spaces as cultural artifacts. Through a focused architectural lens, this analysis provides insight into the broader historical shifts embedded in built environments.

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic fluctuations, managerial ownership, and firm value among firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The research specifically examines how macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate fluctuations and GDP growth interact with managerial ownership, investment growth, and financial leverage to influence firm value. Methodology/Design/Approach: This study is applied in nature and adopts a causal (ex post facto) correlational design. The statistical population includes all firms listed on the TSE, from which 133 firms were selected using the systematic elimination sampling method. The study covers a seven-year period from 2017 to 2023, and data were analyzed using multiple regression models. Findings: The results show an inverse relationship between inflation rate fluctuations and firm value, while no significant relationship is found between GDP growth and firm value. The interaction between managerial ownership and GDP growth positively affects firm value, whereas the interaction between managerial ownership and inflation rate fluctuations has no significant effect. Moreover, the interaction between investment growth and GDP growth has a positive effect on firm value, but its interaction with inflation rate fluctuations does not. Finally, the interaction between financial leverage and inflation rate fluctuations has an inverse effect on firm value, while the interaction between financial leverage and GDP growth is insignificant. Innovation: This study contributes to the understanding of how economic fluctuations interact with firm-specific characteristics to shape firm value in emerging markets. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers and managers, emphasizing the importance of managing ownership structures and leverage decisions under varying macroeconomic conditions.