درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The book " Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt " by Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṣaffār , as one of the oldest surviving sources from the early period of the Lesser Occultation, can be explored with a Mahdism approach. In this source, 37 narrations, without repetition, address the issue of Mahdism. Since diverse Mahdavi topics are evident in these narrations, this research seeks, using the "Content Analysis" method, to first identify the main and sub-topics of the Mahdism narrations in Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt and then categorize and analyze the main categories. From examining the collection of narrations, 9 main topics were extracted in the form of 44 concepts; the conduct of Imam Mahdi (AS) in the era of reappearance, the Imam's inheritance, the purpose of the reappearance, the Imam's companions, and the blessings of the era of reappearance are among the most important topics in this collection of narrations. The central theme of the Baṣāʼir al-Darajāt narrations refers to the era of reappearance and beyond. This indicates the application of the element of selectivity by Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṣaffār in compiling this work. The existence of some isolated narrations and their lack of transmission until the era of Allamah Majlisī indicates that these narrations were distant from the common discourse of Shia hadith scholars; although the essence of the themes can be traced in other hadith legacies.

Re-examining hadiths based on modern literary criticism theories is one method of accessing their structural aspects in the present era. Among these theories are those in the field of semiotics. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze ethical narratives concerning fairness based on Jakobson's theory. Based on Jakobson's theory of verbal communication, this research examines the various components of verbal communication in ethical narratives concerning fairness and explains their cognitive implications. The present study aims to answer the question of ‘Which of the six types of verbal communication functions are used in ethical narratives concerning fairness, and what are the cognitive functions of the various roles of verbal communication in these narratives?’ Explaining the cognitive and conceptual implications related to fairness narratives based on this theory of verbal communication indicates that the presence of elements of verbal communication, including the components of "Message," "Sender of the message," "Receiver of the message," "Subject," "Code," and "Contact," plays a significant role in encouraging audiences to adhere to instances of fairness in various areas of life. Fairness in ethical narratives, as an important ethical principle, can have different meanings depending on the context and audience, and has widespread effects on individual and social levels. Fairness, as one of the virtues of Islamic ethics, holds a special place in the three main axes of communication with oneself, God, and others. This review shows that in the process of producing and receiving the meaning of fairness, extra-linguistic factors, by being placed in the structure of empathy, reference, persuasion, and aesthetics, play an important role in conveying a tangible meaning of fairness.

Thpresent study study analyzes and categorizes the narrations concerning Mutʻah (temporary marriage). The central focus is to demonstrate how the rulings on Mutʻah —whether permissibility, recommendation, command, or prohibition—are influenced by personal, social, and political circumstances as reflected in the language of the narrations. Accordingly, this research employs a library-based method for data collection and an analytical-inferential approach to examine the content of both Shi’a and Sunni narrations. A comprehensive view of these narrations reveals that the ruling on Mutʻah is not absolute; rather, it is shaped by varying conditions and necessities. On an individual level, Mutʻah is permitted when there is a personal need. The narrations that restrict this practice to cases of necessity imply that the limitation is lifted whenever a person faces a particular need, thereby granting them permission to enter into a temporary marriage.On a social level, Mutʻah may serve as a tool to safeguard society—especially in times of crisis, such as war, scarcity of resources, or similar hardships. Thus, narrations that strongly encourage the practice are not merely addressing individual conduct but speak to broader societal imperatives. In these contexts, communal needs take precedence over individual considerations. This may even lead to a situation where social necessity creates an individual necessity, despite the individual not inherently requiring the practice; it is the collective circumstance that generates this need. On a political level, Mutʻah has also been viewed as a means to revive an Islamic tradition and to oppose oppressive governments. In this context, the command to engage in Mutʻah is, in fact, an effort to promote and normalize the practice in society in response to its prohibition by ruling authorities.

Shaykh Ṣadūq , a preeminent Imami hadith scholar of the 4th century AH, began a new phase of his academic life by traveling to Rayy. On the other hand, Rayy had become a prominent hadith center due to the presence of Imami and Sunni scholars from across the Islamic world. The city's religious diversity, relative political freedom, and favorable economic conditions were also conducive to its growth. An examination of Shaykh Ṣadūq 's works reveals that scholars from the hadith school of Qazwin were also active in Rayy. Therefore, the presence of Shaykh Ṣadūq in Rayy and his meeting with Qazwīnī scholars in this region adds to the significance of this study. " Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Ali ibn Asad Asadī " is a Sunni hadith scholar from Qazwin whose name and memory are only found in Ṣadūq 's hadith writings. The appearance of the narrations from Abul Ḥasan Asadī Qazwīnī suggests that he was a Shi'i hadith scholar. However, with the lack of data about him in Shi'i biographical sources on the one hand, and the existence of rare information about him in Sunni narrative sources on the other, his activities and background can be identified. This article, using a descriptive-exploratory method, identifies the Sunni denomination of Abul Ḥasan Asadī , studies this active Qazwīnī scholar in Rayy, and critically examines the consequences and reasons for his presence in the city. The transmission of Sunni narrations from Qazwin to Rayy and the influence of this Qazwīnī scholar on the scholarly foundation of Ṣadūq are among the most important consequences of Abul Ḥasan Asadī 's presence in Rayy.