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Today, sports diplomacy with different countries is one way to develop the sport at an international level. The current paper was conducted with the approach of improving the diplomacy of sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The paper is qualitative, applied, and was carried out using Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology in 2022. Moreover, Participants in the research included individuals related to the subject. Furthermore, the sampling method was purposeful, and until the extraction of completely non-repeated strategies from the interviews; 21 interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner. Factors affecting the improvement of the diplomacy of the sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf consist of 75 primary strategies in the form of 11 main categories including: media content, behavioral norms, infrastructure development, management strategy, political dimensions, security dimensions, sports interactions, international solidarity, sports communication, national prestige, and educational experiences. Some of the solutions identified include benefitting from popular social networks such as Instagram to share common content with Arabic language sports pages, no provocative interviews by athletes and coaches, preventing spectators from chanting racist slogans, facilitating the entry conditions of Arab spectators in international sports competitions in Iran and mutual support of the sports federations in Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf to the sports representatives of the Middle East region in sports events at the world level.

The purpose of this paper is to list and briefly discuss the top authors, organizations, universities, nations, publications, and journals in the topic of sports safety management. It also aims to provide the most linked patterns in terms of co-citation, co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, temporal proximity, and substantial terms and concepts in the field of safety management based on content analysis. 214 pertinent international publications from journals around the world that were published between 1993 and 2023 were found in the Scopus citation database and comprised the statistical population for this study, which followed a systematic review process. In this study, software tools like Publish or Perish, Excel, Vosviewer, Rstudio, R and Maxqda 2020 were used to identify, quantify, and evaluate safety management elements in sports.The results showed that the United States has the most influence in this sector, with the University of Florida (USA) being the most significant university and organization. "Recreational Sports" is the most prominent journal in the field of safety and risk management. Konnaughton, D.P., and Spengler, Jo are the most significant authors in this discipline. Finally, a comprehensive and eight-dimensional model of safety management was created by merging the essential terms that were taken from the examination of the top 20 articles in this sector. In conclusion, it can be said that safety and risk management in sports can reduce sports-related dangers and boost safety standards, resulting in a significant advancement in athlete safety and a reduction in risks related to sports.

Background: Fatigue as one of the physiological factors can affect the physical performance of athletes. This issue is more important in young athletes and can expose them to injury. Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of functional fatigue on the performance and landing mechanics of adolescence taekwondo athletes. Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental study. Participants were 20 male teenage taekwondo players. Pre-fatigue measurements included side-jump tests, figure-8 hop tests, and single-leg triple jump tests, as well as a lower limb biomechanics assessment using a landing error scoring system. After the functional fatigue protocol was applied, all the pre-fatigue variables were evaluated again. In order to examine the intra-group changes of the research variables in the pre and post-test stages, the paired t-test at a significance level of P≤0.05 was used. Results: The paired-t test results revealed that following fatigue induction, performance in the side-jump and figure-8 hop tests significantly deteriorated (P<0.05). Additionally, performance in the single-leg triple hop test declined (P<0.05). Moreover, landing error significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated that after applying fatigue, the subjects' performance decreased and the biomechanical error of the lower limbs increased. Fatigue can significantly impact adolescent taekwondo athletes' performance and biomechanics. So, taekwondo coaches should implement effective strategies to mitigate fatigue, enhance athletes' conditioning, and optimize their performance in training and competitions.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a significant contributor to mortality in diabetic patients. Despite the potential benefits of concomitant and complementary training in diabetic patients, there is a paucity of evidence in this area.Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in conjunction with a hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit of Qaraqat on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in the heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods: 24 male rats aged 8 weeks were diabetic with a high-fat diet (60%) and streptozotocin injection. They were randomly divided into four groups: (1) aerobic training (AT), (2) supplementation (Sup), (3) Aerobic training+ supplement (AT+Sup), and (4) diabetes control (Con). The training protocol included running on a treadmill at a speed of 5-24 m/min for 10-60 min, according to the principle of overload. Glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD of heart tissue were measured. Statistical tests of two-way variance and post hoc Bonferroni were used using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.005.Results A significant decrease in glucose levels, insulin resistance, and MDA (P<0.005) was observed in the intervention groups following eight weeks of training and supplement intervention, in comparison to the Con group. Also, the amount of insulin in Sup and AT+Sup groups exhibited a notable decline in comparison to Con and AT groups (P<0.005), as well as a substantial increase in the levels of SOD (P=0.001) and GPx (P<0.005), and TAC (P<0.005) was observed.Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with elevated MDA levels, which are reduced by aerobic training and supplementation. Furthermore, the administration of a training intervention and the utilization of a supplement have been demonstrated to elevate the levels of SOD, TAC, and GPx.

The current study was conducted to identify the impact of artificial intelligence on sports marketing (applications and limitations). This research is a sequential mixed-methods study (qualitative-quantitative). The participants in qualitative phase consisted of 15 sport management experts who were interviewed. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included members of the sports management academic community that was selected through random sampling approach. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis were used in the quantitative part of the study. The structural equation method with partial least squares method was used to measure the validity of the model, and the research hypotheses. According to the results of the study, there are 8 effective factors of artificial intelligence applications in sports marketing, including predicting sales and prices of sports products/services, identifying revenue growth opportunities, automating sales processes of sports products/services, personalized recommendation systems through analyzing customer behavior of sports products/services, tracking satisfaction with sports products/services, and advertising. Additionally, there are 5 factors identified as limitations of artificial intelligence in sports marketing, including limited understanding of human elements, concerns about data privacy, costs, and technical issues. The findings can help sports marketers to better utilize artificial intelligence for better delivery and customer satisfaction of sports products and services.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of good sport governance implementation in selected Ethiopian Olympic sports federations. To this end, the convergent mixed method design was employed. Participants of the study included 265 subjects for quantitative data and 18 participants for qualitative interviews. The data were quantitatively analyzed by Descriptives (frequency and means & standard deviations) & One-way ANOVA, and qualitatively by thematic analysis using MAXQDA 20.4.0 version software. The integrated finding reveals that the surveyed Olympic sports federations scored below the moderate level (expected average) in good sport governance with a severely weak level of implementing transparency and public communication and solidarity. The findings also suggest a significant difference in good sport governance implementation among the surveyed sports federations. On this basis, this study has implications for sport managers as it, theoretically, was a significant endeavor in empirically testing the implementation of good sport governance in national sport governing bodies, and has practical implications for policy issues as it explores the actual strengths and deficits of good sport governance that calls for ‘walking the talk’ of transparency and solidarity.