مطالب

Aristotle considers metaphysics a science that discusses being qua being (or "being insofar as it is being") and its essential attributes. Alongside "being qua being," he also speaks of absolute being. The multiple meanings of "being" in Aristotle's thought have led interpreters to diverse understandings of what Aristotle truly meant by "being qua being? "They would have disagreements. A disagreement that starts from ontology and impacts their theology. Among Muslim philosophers, Avicenna and Averroes (Ibn Rushd), and among Christian philosophers, Albert the Great(Albertus Magnus) and his student Thomas Aquinas, have commented on this matter. In Avicenna's view, what is meant by 'being qua being' is a universal concept that applies to all beings, including the Necessary Existent per se. Consequently, the Necessary Existent is part of the subject matter of philosophy. However, Averroes introduced the highest substance to explain "being qua being" and considered God the subject of philosophy. Consequently, he regarded the proof of God as part of the problems of natural science. In Albert the Great's view, "being qua being" is the simple existence as the first creation of God, and this simple existence is the subject of philosophy. In Thomas Aquinas's perspective, "being qua being," although the subject of philosophy, applies only to contingent beings, and God is the cause of this "being qua being." A comparative study of these disagreements and the reasons behind them forms the framework of this article.

Introduction : The issue of developing arbitration on persons other than parties to the arbitration is one of the issues that are disputed by legal scholars. In the arbitration agreement, no person, except the parties to the agreement, is bound to arbitration and has no right to invoke it. Prohibiting the extension of the effects of the arbitration agreement to persons outside the contract is accepted, but it should be noted that the persons who sign a contract are not always its real parties. Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the role of ethics in the development of arbitration clauses towards third parties in Iran. Material and Methods : In order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to legal books in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2011 to 2021 were examined from the databases of Magiran, Civilica, Sid, and Ensani. Conclusion : A creditable nature is not limited to external signs such as correspondence or names included in the contract, but it is a creditable fact that may prove that the works of the contract belong to a person who was not present when the contract was concluded and his name has not even been mentioned. The real original theory, which has found a special place in contract law today, is the result of the challenge faced by lawyers in this field. In fact, the ethical basis requires that every person accepts the obligation or action that is related to the rights and obligations of the arbitration parties and does not shy away from responsibility. On the other hand, no one should be held responsible for the obligations of others, and the development of the arbitration clause should not cause losses to third parties. Therefore, the development of the arbitration clause must be done within the bounds of the obligations.

With the development of a new stage of the industrial revolution, the importance of digitalization of business development tools is growing. The purpose of this article is to study the applied aspects of digital marketing tools usage for business development in the B2C market. To achieve the purpose and objectives of the study general and special methods are used: comparative analysis of the results of economic and statistical surveys; method of expert assessments by questionnaires using a 5-point Likert scale. The concordance coefficient was used to determine the consistency of the experts' opinions taking into account the related ranks in method of expert assessments. According to the results of the research, it is established that the Ukrainian business of the B2C sector was actively mastering digital marketing tools. The analysis of penetration level of digital technologies in the development of trade business showed the emergence of basic conditions for updating marketing tools to influence the B2C market. There is a rapid coverage rate of multi-purpose use of the Internet among consumers and businesses; gradual growth of digital skills among practitioners; positive dynamics of development of interactive services in the trade sphere. However, the level of use of the retail businesses websites remains low in many spheres of customer service. An important trend of the current development stage of the consumer market is the usage of business Internet platforms designed for mass dissemination of information. Effective marketing channels of interaction with consumers include social media (social networks, blogs or microblogs, websites with multimedia content, knowledge sharing tools), websites, e-shops, and sales via mobile devices. According to the results of expert evaluation, foreground digital technologies, which are able to bring business to a qualitatively new level of interaction with consumers and the provision of trade services have been identified. These are artificial intelligence and cognitive technologies, BigData, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. The structural and logical scheme of research of digital marketing tools is used for business development which includes two stages is offered. In the first stage, trendwatching, benchmarking and evaluation of internal opportunities for the use of digital marketing tools are performed. In the second stage, three components of digital readiness of business are defined: technological; competence; institutional. The obtained results form the basis of further research to determine the priorities of adaptive digital business behavior for the productive use of existing digital opportunities.