Ethical principles

Background: Ethics is considered in detail in medicine, and it is needed to be respected carefully in psychology and psychotherapy. Ethics code provides a common set of principles and standards upon which psychologists build their professional and scientific work. This ethics code is intended to provide specific standards to cover most situations encountered by psychologists. This study aims to consider general principles and specific ethical issues in psychotherapy and consulting. Conclusion: General principles that should be respected by all psychologist and therapist are as followed; beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for people’s right and dignity. Specific ethical issues in psychotherapy; informed consent in therapy, privacy and confidentiality, avoiding harm, unfair discrimination, sexual harassment.

The aim of the present study is to compare and critique the moral principles of Albert Ellis's theory (REBT) in the light of Islamic ethics. The method of the present study is analytical-descriptive and the sampling Method in this study is goal-oriented. Necessary information was collected in a library manner by studying sources and books. The method of analysis has been content analysis. The results showed that Ellis's ethical principles are: ethical non-realism, pleasure-seeking, individualism, sensuality and no standard for good and bad behavior. However, all these are not acceptable from the point of view of Islam, as Islam believes the standard for the right and wrong is clear and distinct; pleasure is not the only standard of right and wrong behavior, pleasures are not merely worldly, and the ultimate goal of life and creation is to reach the nearness of God. All human behaviors are ethical if done with the intention and purpose of the nearness of God.

Introduction : The issue of developing arbitration on persons other than parties to the arbitration is one of the issues that are disputed by legal scholars. In the arbitration agreement, no person, except the parties to the agreement, is bound to arbitration and has no right to invoke it. Prohibiting the extension of the effects of the arbitration agreement to persons outside the contract is accepted, but it should be noted that the persons who sign a contract are not always its real parties. Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the role of ethics in the development of arbitration clauses towards third parties in Iran. Material and Methods : In order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to legal books in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2011 to 2021 were examined from the databases of Magiran, Civilica, Sid, and Ensani. Conclusion : A creditable nature is not limited to external signs such as correspondence or names included in the contract, but it is a creditable fact that may prove that the works of the contract belong to a person who was not present when the contract was concluded and his name has not even been mentioned. The real original theory, which has found a special place in contract law today, is the result of the challenge faced by lawyers in this field. In fact, the ethical basis requires that every person accepts the obligation or action that is related to the rights and obligations of the arbitration parties and does not shy away from responsibility. On the other hand, no one should be held responsible for the obligations of others, and the development of the arbitration clause should not cause losses to third parties. Therefore, the development of the arbitration clause must be done within the bounds of the obligations.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: The article provides an analysis and evidence on the impact of ethical principles on individual lifestyles. Ethical principles in their moderate state are admitted and recommended in Islam.METHOD & FINDING: In an analytical-descriptive method, this study examined Islamic ethical principles and clarified their impacts on people’s lifestyles. Muslims need to be aware of ethical principles to choose a way of life that is in line with their beliefs to avoid an identity crisis.CONCLUSION: Man is in dire need of rethinking to live according to transcendental values and beliefs, particularly in the contemporary age. Islam invites humans to live based on ethical principles and harmonize their lifestyle with values and doctrines by which they can find perfection and salvation. In this respect, man is required to benefit from believing in the oneness of Almighty Allah (SWT) and the Day of Judgment as well as controlling the soul that influences people’s lifestyles. Additionally, man has to manage his/her deeds toward achieving perfection and avoiding identity crisis i.e., s/he must harmonize his beliefs with his/her lifestyle including social relations, wearing clothes, entertainment, eating habits, etc.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level - university, macro level - higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.