مطالب

Commercial transactions at the international level, especially by sea, have certain risks, because the companies that enter into these transactions, for various reasons, including not studying the laws and laws of the opposite country and not predicting the risks caused by the economic, political, cultural, etc. crisis, as well as Due to the fact that the process of sending goods and receiving money between distant countries has a higher risk than domestic transactions or through air and land, they suffer harmful and sometimes irreparable effects. Planning and knowledge of legal solutions to reduce and prevent risk can pave the way for safe transactions. Risks can be transferred or minimized. In this article, the types of transaction risks in international sales contracts are discussed. Legal solutions to reduce and prevent them are also suggested. Having an international lawyer in the first place can identify these risks and prevent financial damages. But many risks are predictable and some of the ways to identify them are mentioned in this article.

The armed conflict in Yemen is one of the most devastating and catastrophic crises the international community is currently facing. It is entering its seventh year. This situation has raised numerous questions under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as the set of rules the main aim of which is to limit the effects of armed conflicts for humanitarian reasons. This is also an occasion to test the pertinence and efficiency of IHL rules in the face of current armed conflicts. Accordingly, the present article seeks to study certain important issues in IHL raised by Yemen armed conflict. Doing so, firstly, the type of armed conflict in Yemen is addressed (1). Then, it goes through the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions (2). Thereafter, the issues of blockade and siege are dealt with (3). After that, the situation of certain persons is examined (4). And finally, the very challenging and significant question of humanitarian assistance is studied (5). I will conclude that most of the humanitarian problems except the issue of humanitarian assistance and sieges are adequately regulated by IHL and that the problem is mainly that those rules are not respected. The controversy about the classification of the conflict, whether it is an international armed conflict (IAC) or a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), does not fundamentally affect those rules.

Understanding  human  being  is a fundamental quest and a core concern of human thought, with many sciences and branches of knowledge relying on diligent inquiry and research into its various dimensions. This study with an analytical-contemplative approach examines the nature of humanity from the perspective of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, the founder of The Philosophy of Illumination (Hikmat al-Ishraq). Suhrawardi, through a synthesis of philosophical, mystical, and revelatory traditions, considers human being as a luminous being. their soul (nafs), conceptualized as the "Esfahbadi Light," is an immaterial substance that is creation in time (hadith), not eternal. This luminous soul, originating from the Highest Divine Realm, connects with the body in a managing (tadbirī), rather than imprinting, manner and it acts as a manager that controls the body. Drawing upon his system of light, Suhrawardi explains the relationship between the soul and the body not as a union or indwelling, but as an "affectionate attraction (ʿalāqa shāwqi)," akin to a magnet's pull on iron. He substantiates origination of the Soul through four arguments and robustly affirms its immateriality (tajarrud) using three key proofs: the changeability of bodily organs, the indication of "I-ness" (anāniyya), and the impossibility of substantial decomposition. In Suhrawardi's philosophical system, the perfection of the soul hinges on human being  's luminous journey through asceticism, detachment, and intellectual illuminations. This process allows the soul to ascend through the stages of material intellect (ʿaql hayūlānī), intellect in possession (bi'l-malaka), actual intellect (bi'l-fiʿl), and acquired intellect (mustafād). Death is not annihilation but rather the shedding of the Esfahbadi Light from the darkness of the body and a return to the true "East" (the world of Dominant Lights). This perspective, by emphasizing the survival of the souls of the righteous and wise after death, establishes an unbreakable link between epistemology, the metaphysics of light, and practical spiritual discipline within The Philosophy of Illumination.