International Journal of Maritime Policy

Environmental conferences and conventions are widely different from other treaties because environmental issues are linked together as links in a chain and accepted based on the common interests of humanity. Also, the principles of international environmental law are fundamental theories on which other behavioral principles and norms are based and can be a guide for the formation of norms and have the context of becoming the provisions of binding documents and rules. The result of this research, the contents of which were collected in the descriptive and analytical method in international documents, and the information was collected based on library studies and the review of international documents, showed that the coastal governments that build artificial islands in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea are committed Committing themselves to regional and international commitments and taking guidance from the provisions of several conferences and conventions on environmental issues and by applying the principles of international environmental law, they can be aware of their role in reducing the environmental consequences of the construction of artificial islands in these two water regions turn around.

Commercial transactions at the international level, especially by sea, have certain risks, because the companies that enter into these transactions, for various reasons, including not studying the laws and laws of the opposite country and not predicting the risks caused by the economic, political, cultural, etc. crisis, as well as Due to the fact that the process of sending goods and receiving money between distant countries has a higher risk than domestic transactions or through air and land, they suffer harmful and sometimes irreparable effects. Planning and knowledge of legal solutions to reduce and prevent risk can pave the way for safe transactions. Risks can be transferred or minimized. In this article, the types of transaction risks in international sales contracts are discussed. Legal solutions to reduce and prevent them are also suggested. Having an international lawyer in the first place can identify these risks and prevent financial damages. But many risks are predictable and some of the ways to identify them are mentioned in this article.

Piracy or the use of violence by various types of ships or vessels to take the property of the passengers of other ships or vessels has been one of the important maritime threats from the past until today. During the Middle Ages until the 19 th century, due to the flourishing sea trade, in the Indian Ocean, this phenomenon was widespread, but few scattered reports of it have remained. This research aims to explain the geographical and cultural relationship between the history and modern forms of piracy in the Indian Ocean, to provide a constructive analysis of the roots of piracy nowadays. Based on this, in this research, with a library method and a descriptive-analytical method, and by referring to the most important historical sources and research, scattered reports of piracy during the first to thirteenth centuries AH were analyzed. At the same time, by using analytical studies in cultural criminology, an attempt has been made to analyze this phenomenon from the perspective of deterministic theories and subcultures. Thus, it has been shown that the geography and aspects of the piracy culture in the Indian Ocean are consistent with this phenomenon today. It has also been shown that the inclusive Iranian governments have played the most effective role in fighting this phenomenon; it has been suggested that in today's approach to the phenomenon of piracy, the cultural view of the social and political roots of this phenomenon should be considered. In dealing with it, the fundamental methods of the cultural solution should be used in confrontation with the phenomenon, together with legal and military actions. It has also been suggested that the Iranian government should play a trans-regional cultural effort to revive its historical role in controlling this phenomenon.          

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Scientific journals play an important role in producing and publishing articles resulting from research projects. However, currently, only a small portion of the research published in journals at the national and international levels is related to the sea, and in addition, only a small percentage of these articles published internationally are available to researchers for free. Therefore, marine scientific journals play a significant role in the development of a modern maritime civilization and the promotion of maritime research diplomacy in the region and internationally in the 21st century, so that in fact, what has brought human civilization to this day has been writing, and scientific journals are considered as a symbol and pillar of writing and knowledge management and marine science research. From this perspective, to develop scientific interactions, these publishers are considered scientific infrastructures for publishing scientific articles resulting from research projects and regional interactions. Methodology: In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the role of Iranian international marine scientific journals in the advancement of marine sciences among the coastal countries of the region (case study of the International Journal of Marine Policy) was examined. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the necessity of publishing international journals in scientific interactions and conferences such as the Caspian Sea Rim Universities and Research Institutes Conference, the Indian Ocean Rim Countries Conference (IONES), maritime conferences such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Conference, and academic scientific conferences for publishing scientific articles is evident. Conclusion: The extensive network of scientific journals and committed researchers worldwide plays an important role in global development and sustainability.  Effective and efficient science journals often spur robust, intellectual dialogue that can further advance science and scientific understanding, and even contribute to much-needed paradigm shifts.  In general, international marine journals can be used as an efficient and effective infrastructure for publishing scientific articles in the field of marine sciences at the national and regional levels. Therefore, it is essential for Iran, as a maritime country, in the fields of marine sciences and marine scientific research in the fields of law and the sea, maritime geopolitics, maritime governance, maritime affairs management, policy-making on marine sciences, policy-making in the development of marine industries and sustainable maritime development, as well as interdisciplinary topics based on marine sciences, such as marine technology transfer rights, etc., to publish scientific journals with an international editorial board and to smooth out all regulatory and non-regulatory obstacles in this regard. Subsequently, with the support and participation of national, regional and even international scientific governance centered on the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, universities, research centers, domestic and international associations, and regional institutions such as IORA, there is the possibility of scientific interactions with the participation of scientific journals at the national and international levels. Also, in the field of these applied axes, sea-based development can be called governance partnership, to promote scientific interactions, regional and international conferences can be held, and articles and their results can be published in scientific journals. In this case, by utilizing maritime diplomacy based on maritime science research diplomacy, scientific-research relations can be expanded with maritime countries in the region, and the International Journal of Maritime Policy can be efficient and effective in this case based on the principles of research governance.

Perishable items such as dairy products, food and medicine, various vegetables, flowers and plants, ready-mix concrete, and blood packages typically have a limited shelf life from production to delivery and can deteriorate over time. To prevent such perishability, these types of products must be delivered to consumers promptly to ensure that the benefits of the producer and distributor are met. One effective factor in delivering various products to the consumer on time is selecting the optimal route for delivering goods or products, which is referred to as the problem of vehicle routing. Vehicle routing for distributing various goods and products is one of the practical issues in the field of research in operations that are very efficient in logistics planning. The objective of this problem is to determine the operational plan of the target vehicles with limited capacity for sending goods and products from the central warehouse depot to a group of consumers that are geographically dispersed in such a way that the number of required vehicles and travel costs are minimized. Considering that the issue mentioned is a very complex problem and it is not possible to find a high-quality answer with accurate methods in a short time for its large scale, the GAMS software has been used to solve this model on a smaller scale. Finally, to demonstrate the practical application of the proposed model in the real world, the distribution of products among customers in the Ports and Maritime Organization of Guilan Province (Bandar-e Anzali) has been studied. The computational results show that distributors can reduce their operational costs by using this approach.

In recent decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been struggling with piracy security threats and has suffered a lot. The piracy crisis and the presence of pirates in international waters have become one of the main crises facing the Iranian economy. Considering Iran's determination to develop its maritime transit and obtaining a larger share of the transit of free waters, attention has been paid to the issue of maritime security and the investigation of the phenomenon of piracy and ways of coping with it. Iran, like other members of the international community and following the resolutions of the Security Council, considers the threat of piracy, especially Somali pirates, to be a threat to itself, and through the navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran's military, a combination of legal, political-military measures in the form of Defense diplomacy has taken to deal with it. This article seeks to answer the question of what role the Iran Navy has played in countering the threat of piracy security within the framework of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and in accordance with international law. The findings of this paper indicate that Iran Navy has been in charge of maritime security in the last decade to deal with this security threat and has been able to reliably restrain these threats by legal, political, military mechanisms. And it has a relatively successful performance. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the background and conceptual evolution of piracy and to discover its various forms throughout human history and the legal and international status of the fight against piracy and the actions taken by the Iran Navy in the context of IONS to ensure maritime safety.