مطالب

This paper examines the political philosophy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) through three distinct approaches: optimistic positivist scientism, critical middle ground, and phenomenological pessimism. The central issue addressed is the ethical and political implications of AI, specifically how it influences governance, social structures, and human autonomy. The research questions explore how AI can be understood in terms of its potential and risks, how different political philosophies interpret its role, and what governance models can mitigate its negative consequences. The methodology adopted is a comparative analysis of key thinkers and their contributions to the debate on AI. The framework includes positivist, critical theory, and phenomenological perspectives, with a focus on how these paradigms inform the understanding of technology and its societal impact. Key theorists discussed include Francis Bacon, Karl Marx, Yuval Harari, Jürgen Habermas, Martin Heidegger, and Hannah Arendt, each offering a unique viewpoint on the nature of AI and its implications for governance and human existence. The findings highlight three divergent views: the optimistic positivist approach sees AI as a tool for progress, advocating for technological innovation and global governance; the critical middle ground emphasizes ethical oversight and regulation to prevent social inequality; and the phenomenological pessimism warns of AI’s potential to undermine human freedom and autonomy, leading to a dystopian, technocratic society. The study concludes that while AI offers significant potential for improving human life, it also raises profound challenges that require careful regulation, ethical consideration, and a commitment to preserving democratic freedoms.

Grief over the sufferings of Imam Ḥusayn (AS) stands as one of the most profound manifestations of spiritual life within the Shi‘i tradition; rooted in divine love and Walāya based knowledge, this grief embodies a transformative spiritual reality often overlooked in common religious understandings, where it is reduced to the level of mere emotion and its epistemic, ethical, and mystical dimensions are neglected. Drawing upon hadith sources and mystical literature, this study contends that Ḥusaynī grief is not a passive emotional state but an intentional and elevating spiritual praxis that releases the seeker from egocentrism and heedlessness and guides them along the path of self-purification and nearness to God. The findings indicate that grief for Imam Ḥusayn (AS) initially leads to the abandonment of sin and the cleansing of its traces from the believer’s soul, thereby preparing the heart to receive divine light. As inner purification deepens, spiritual discipline and commitment to the Sharī‘a become more firmly rooted, refining the seeker’s moral conduct. Ultimately, through spiritual attraction and self-effacement, the seeker attains a state of longing for intimate supplication and sincerity in intention and action, both of which form the foundation of the mystical journey. This spiritual condition facilitates access to wisdom, divine favor, and proximity to God. In its culmination, this trajectory results in divine assistance at the moment of death and intercession in the Hereafter, revealing the full mercy and Walāy a of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in the life of the believer.

Aurhor: Ehsan DehghanTitle: The Discursive-Digital Link: Antagonism and Polarisation in Digital Spaces Year of Published: August 2025352ppIn EnglishISBN: 9781032487274Publisher: New York: Routledge

South Asian ethnic minorities (SAEMs) represent a growing population in Hong Kong public education. However, schools struggle to offer them fair and equitable education. One frequently mentioned, but rarely studied component in their performance is teachers’ lower expectations. This article reports on a qualitative case study to examine ethnically Chinese teachers’ expectations of South Asian students in a public primary school in Hong Kong. Five Chinese teachers were interviewed, with observations in three of these teachers’ classrooms. Results indicate teachers have lower expectations. Several influencing factors were identified, including perceptions of cultural differences between Chinese teachers and South Asian ethnic minorities’ families and inadequate training of teachers in Chinese as a second language and incorporating diversified learning strategies into the curriculum. This is one of the first studies specifically focused on exploring in greater details primary teachers’ expectations about South Asian students in Hong Kong.

In this study, in which a new business model was constructed to examine the reflections of digitalization on the field of authentication due to the increasing importance of digitalization day by day. This paper aims to design a business model for digital transformation using Near-Field Communication (NFC) technology to develop foreign markets for original products by creating a product authentication database. Given the global use of NFC technology for authenticity checks and market development, this research is pioneering in proposing a business model for applying this approach to authenticate original products in Iran. Beyond product authentication, this approach can facilitate extensive market research, particularly in international markets, where many handicraft and clothing products are highly successful but often overlooked by industry owners. Following a description of Osterwalder’s business model, a business model canvas is developed, and service and sales revenue models are presented. The service revenue model includes two business strategies: "service provision per tap" and "annual subscription strategies (Bronze, Silver, and Gold)".