مطالب

  Objective: Interaction with classmates is a vital element that contributes to completing tasks and acquiring social skills in education. On the other hand, education, learning, and development are closely and reciprocally linked with culture in every society. Given Iran’s multicultural and multiethnic context, multicultural education can help reduce discrimination and enhance students' engagement and in-group interaction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between multicultural education and academic engagement among students at Hakim Sabzevari University. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included 8,199 students at Hakim Sabzevari University. Using random sampling and Morgan’s table, 390 students were selected as the sample. The Multicultural Education Questionnaire and the Academic Engagement Scale (AES) were administered. Data were analyzed using correlation methods and SPSS version 27 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Findings indicated a significant relationship between multicultural education and academic engagement (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggested that applying cooperative and participatory teaching methods and emphasizing social justice in multicultural education leads students to be more inclined toward group work, ultimately fostering educational and cultural development.

This article discusses the responses to the announcement of King Hussein of the Hejaz for the caliphate in the French and British-mandated territories, which include Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine in 1924. This study uses a qualitative research method by analyzing the primary and secondary sources. This article finds that the announcement of King Hussein’s caliphate in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine has provoked various reactions with strong support among the Arab populations in these regions. The findings also show that this support to restore the caliphate for the Arabs and the Quraysh was raised for proclaiming King Hussein as caliph. The most significant reaction of all, however, was in the French-mandated territories of Syria and Lebanon. This matter has caused an uneasy reaction from the French colonial to undermine support for King Hussein. His reign was short-lived. He lost his Hashemite kingdom and the caliphate in the same year, when the Saudi ruler, Ibn Saud immediately attacked his declaration as illegitimate and launched a military campaign in Hejaz. King Hussein went into exile to Cyprus, where he lived until he died in 1931.

Nowadays, most Christian theologians, in defending theism, put forward the design argument against the arguments of scientists who, by appealing to chance, seek to render God unnecessary in explanation. Over time, the argument from design has been presented under various rubrics and interpretations—sometimes intertwined—in support of theism. It appears that the design argument was initially employed to complement knowledge of God, but over time, it has shifted its focus toward biological and empirical aspects that indicate the order of nature. In the present era, the primary aim of this argument is to defend theism against atheistic theories in the empirical sciences rather than to establish the purposiveness of existence. However, this formulation of the argument from design has not achieved the necessary success in proving God’s existence. Therefore, in this study, by elucidating the methodology of the empirical sciences and demonstrating the incompatibility of the design argument with this methodology, it becomes clear that one cannot rely solely on the design argument to counter atheism. In this way, it is shown that the intelligent design argument, in rejecting chance, lacks a demonstrative structure and not only fails to prove God but also falls short of establishing anything beyond what atheists themselves propose. Hence, one can draw upon the common ground between theology and science—namely, the metaphysical foundations of science—to advance empirical evidence in favor of theism. Accordingly, by employing a philosophical approach and enhancing the natural argument, this argument can be utilized as a strong proof for the existence of God.Keywords