درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Karbala city is destination of millions of pilgrims from all over the world every year. Therefore, this research has assessed strategies for developing religious tourism in Karbala city, with an emphasis on improving the pilgrims' experience and exploiting the economic and social capacities of this city. First, indicators related to religious tourism infrastructure were identified, and then their impact on the pilgrims' experience was analyzed using statistical methods. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to examine its validity from the specialists and experts in quantitative and relative content validity coefficient, and to examine its reliability, was used Cronbach's alpha. The statistical sample includes two groups, 19 people in the qualitative section and 550 people in the quantitative section, selected using convenience sampling. Data analysis includes initial coding, classification, extraction of indicators and variables, descriptive and inferential statistics such as one sample t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. Results showed residence index with the maximum mean and minimum dispersion indicates the its importance and diversity for pilgrims. The recreational and commercial services index with the lowest mean showed less importance. Correlation results indicate a positive and significant relationship between the attraction index and other indicators at the 0.001 level, which shows that as tourist attractions are strengthened, other services and infrastructure are equally effective in improving the pilgrims' experience. Results of compare means between pilgrims and local residents showed in the catering service and residence indexes, mean of rank pilgrims (253.21 and 254.49) are higher than local residents (239.65 and 234.55) at a significance level of 0.398 and 0.215, respectively. As a result, improving tourism infrastructure, accessibility and improving the quality of recreational and medical services can lead to increased pilgrim satisfaction.

Prevailing theories and development policies have historically framed nature primarily as a resource or instrument for fulfilling human needs. This orientation—even within the discourse of sustainable development—often sustains an anthropocentric and extractive relationship with the natural world. Drawing on the framework of care ethics , this article reconsiders the human–nature relationship by conceptualizing the Earth as an “other.” In this reframing, nature is understood not as a mere object or commodity, but as a moral entity—vulnerable, intrinsically valuable, and deserving of attentive care. Such an ethical shift has significant implications for legal and customary approaches to environmental responsibility. It redefines the foundation of liability, moving from reaction to actual harm toward proactive care and the prevention of conditions likely to produce future harm. Sustainable development, in this view, necessitates an ethical reorientation that privileges care, mutual interdependence, and moral attentiveness over purely utilitarian or instrumental considerations. Employing a descriptive–analytical methodology and drawing on extensive library‑based research, this study explores the theoretical underpinnings of this care‑centered perspective, as well as its broader environmental, legal, and societal implications.

The aim of this study was to design a model for identification and ranking of factors influencing the selection of suppliers of Iran's National Steel Industrial Group. In terms of the method, the current research is part of the descriptive research and based on its main purpose, it is an exploratory and confirmatory study, and in terms of the applied purpose. After filtering the criteria, based on the DEMATEL technique, the desired criteria affecting the evaluation and selection of suppliers will be determined and the relationship between them and the modeling of these relationships will be done. In the third step, the ANP method is used to weight the criteria. Finally, in the fourth stage, the questionnaire to determine structural modeling relationships is completed by the experts of the organization and using the data obtained from the questionnaires, the method of structural equations is used to confirm the exploratory model. The technique used in the current research was an in-depth interview-Delphi method, a statistical population of 10 knowledgeable experts on the subject of the research, and a non-probability chain sampling method. The results of the research showed that the factor of product authenticity and compliance with the standards and requested analysis of the product are in the first rank and the factors of authentic or exclusive representative of goods and after-sales services (guarantee and warranty) are in the second and third ranks, respectively.