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Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the phenomenon of divorce from the perspective of expert family therapists. Method: The research method was qualitative, based on grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014). The research setting included all family therapists in the city of Isfahan in the year 2024, and the participants consisted of ten of the most prominent therapists who were purposefully selected. The research tool was interviews conducted in the form of focus groups. The collected data were analyzed using Charmaz’s (2014) method: first, coding was carried out, followed by conceptualization. Then, during the process of integration, categories were extracted, and finally, the core categories were identified and the theory was formed. Results: The results indicated that the phenomenon of divorce includes three main categories: (1) the reasons behind the occurrence of divorce: the activators of divorce causes, with categories such as changes in cultural and social structures and the prioritization of individuality over couplehood; (2) the nature of divorce causes: causes of divorce categorized as changes in family roles and authority, poor spouse selection, inappropriate communication, and individual problems; and (3) the process through which the causes interconnect: integrators of divorce causes (disturbance-power, disturbance-intimacy, and boundary disturbances). Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study suggests that in order to reduce divorce, the activators of divorce cannot be ignored, as they render society more prone to facilitating the grounds for divorce rather than preserving family stability. Additionally, the identified causes of divorce indicate that many revolve around the philosophy of individualism. Therefore, society and societal discourse must reinforce the value of collectivism so that this value can function as a socio-psychological superstructure acting as a barrier to divorce.

Objective: The purpose of this research was the effectiveness of Imago Therapy on love styles and communication problems of married women. Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test post-test control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women attending counseling centers in Alborz province in 2022. Since the research method was semi-experimental, 76 married women volunteered to participate in the study through availability sampling. After completing the Love Scale questionnaires (Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986) and the Queendom Communication Skills Questionnaire (CSTR), those who obtained the lowest averages on these two questionnaires were selected using simple random sampling (30 individuals, 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The data analysis in this research was conducted in the inferential statistics section, taking into account the nature of the study and the distance of the scale of the dependent variables. The parametric analysis of covariance test was used in the SPSS-22 software environment. Results: Findings showed that the value of F resulting from the analysis of covariance of multiple variables (Wilks Lambda=0.347.0, 2=653, P=0.001, F (25 and 2) =23.56) is significant. This indicates that the implementation of Imago Therapy has had a significant effect on communication skills and passionate love. Conclusions: Based on this, the hypothetical test concluded that Imago Therapy affects the styles of love and communication issues of married women.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the strategies and consequences of non-marriage among single men. Methods and Materials: The study was carried out using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of men whose age ranged between 33 and 45 years, considering the average age of marriage for men in the city of Kazerun in 2023 was 30.9 years. All participants were residents of Kazerun County in Fars Province. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling based on inclusion/exclusion criteria until theoretical saturation was reached (15 participants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory approach, including open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: In the open coding phase, out of 232 identified codes, 33 open codes related to strategies and 56 open codes related to consequences were extracted. These codes were categorized into different concepts during axial coding. Finally, in the selective coding phase, the main categories and related outcomes of non-marriage were identified. The most significant strategies for not pursuing marriage included improving economic conditions, enhancing mental and physical well-being, developing alternative relationships, and seeking emotional or financial bonds. On the other hand, mental and psychological consequences, objective consequences, and environmental consequences were among the major outcomes associated with prolonged singlehood in men. These included negative emotions such as depression, isolation, wasted time and energy, and economic and social problems. Conclusion: This study revealed that the decision not to marry among men is the result of a combination of psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors that influence individual choices. Based on the findings, it is recommended that social and cultural policies aimed at supporting youth and facilitating marriage are essential. Moreover, identifying and thoroughly examining cultural and social barriers to marriage could help reduce the rate of singlehood and increase the willingness to marry among young people.

Personality as an individual factor is one way of describing human characteristics, usually referred to as a number of relatively stable behavioral traits or characteristics. This systematic review reviewed all related Iranian studies in international databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and national databases, including the Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran which was published between 2002 and 2024. The following keywords and combinations of them were used to search the databases: “personality characteristics” “life expectancy,” “quality of work life,” and “work-life balance”. Personality characteristics significantly influence various aspects of life, including life expectancy, quality of work life, and work-life balance. Research indicates that traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, and overall personality profiles can contribute to both individual and organizational outcomes. Personality traits, such as conscientiousness and emotional stability, significantly impact life expectancy, job satisfaction, and work-life balance by promoting healthier lifestyles and well-being. Understanding these influences can inform interventions to improve health outcomes and workplace dynamics.

Objective: Family functioning is one of the structures that can have a significant impact on the psycho-social functioning of its members. For this reason, identifying the factors affecting it will greatly help to improve the family's performance. The purpose of the current research was to develop a causal model of Family function based on psychological Hardiness and Psychological capital through Persistent psychological symptoms post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Methods:  The statistical population of the present study was men and women of Karaj and Tehran provinces in 2023 who had at least one history of contracting COVID-19. From the statistical population, using an available sampling method, 395 eligible individuals were selected to participate in the research and complete the research questionnaires. In this research,  Kobasa's Psychological Hardiness questionnaires, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18), suitable for the Iranian lifestyle, and the Questionnaire of Family Functioning were used. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method in Amos software (0.084). Results: The findings of this research indicated that Psychological Hardiness directly (0.085) and indirectly through psychological symptoms after COVID-19 (p<0.05) was able to significantly predict family functioning. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it seems that strengthening personal psychological structures in the face of environmental stressors can improve people's performance in dealing with these conditions.

  Objective: Interaction with classmates is a vital element that contributes to completing tasks and acquiring social skills in education. On the other hand, education, learning, and development are closely and reciprocally linked with culture in every society. Given Iran’s multicultural and multiethnic context, multicultural education can help reduce discrimination and enhance students' engagement and in-group interaction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between multicultural education and academic engagement among students at Hakim Sabzevari University. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included 8,199 students at Hakim Sabzevari University. Using random sampling and Morgan’s table, 390 students were selected as the sample. The Multicultural Education Questionnaire and the Academic Engagement Scale (AES) were administered. Data were analyzed using correlation methods and SPSS version 27 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Findings indicated a significant relationship between multicultural education and academic engagement (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggested that applying cooperative and participatory teaching methods and emphasizing social justice in multicultural education leads students to be more inclined toward group work, ultimately fostering educational and cultural development.

Objective: This study seeks to validate and standardize the extended version of the knowledge of parenting strategies scale (KOPSS) among Iranian citizens. Methods:  This paper is a descriptive measure validation study, which falls in the category of quantitative research. The statistical population consisted of Iranian parents with children aged 3-12, living together. Thirty parents were selected through convenience sampling and were tested using the Persian KOPSS in order to estimate the standard deviation of the total KOPSS score and obtain the sample size for validation and standardization (n=725). Then, thirty parents were studied at an interval of three weeks to calculate the test-retest reliability. Furthermore, 330 other parents were selected through convenience sampling to measure internal consistency reliability and concurrent criterion validity. To calculate concurrent criterion validity, the Persian KOPSS scores were correlated with the scores of Robinson’s Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). To obtain the standardized scores and percentile ranks of the raw Persian KOPSS scores, an online survey was conducted on 725 eligible parents (including 532 mothers and 193 fathers). Results: The correlation of the total Persian KOPSS-20 score with the PSDQ sub-scales was found to be larger than 0.40 (0.417-0.508). The standardized KOPSS-20 was obtained by converting the raw scores into normed z and T-scores and calculating the percentile ranks of the entire group (n=725). Conclusion: KOPSS-20 was found to yield reproducible and reliable results with satisfactory validity coefficients.