Life Expectancy

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between positive emotion styles with life expectancy and mediation of quality of life in male elderly. Methodology: This study was a descriptive-correlational study that aimed to investigate the mediating role of quality of life in the relationship between positive emotion styles and life expectancy in the elderly. The statistical population of this study included all elderly men over 60 years old in Neyshabour Welfare Office. The sample consisted of 132 elderly people who were selected through available sampling. Beck, Haffer & Scobler (2009), Schneider et al. (1991) Life Expectancy Questionnaire, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1998) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed based on structural equations and correlation coefficient. Findings: The direct effect of positive emotion styles on life expectancy was 0.425 with a significance level of 0.008 and the indirect effect of positive emotion styles on life expectancy with respect to quality of life of the elderly was 0.404 and the corresponding significance level was It is less than 0.5, so the mediating role of quality of life is confirmed. The results of regression analysis and structural equations showed that there was a relationship between positive emotion styles with life expectancy and mediation of quality of life in male elderly. P≤ 0.001). The results also showed that the role of quality of life in the relationship between positive hyper-emotion style and hyper-interest with partial life expectancy was. (P ≤0.001) Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is shown that extrasensory styles such as being pleasant, socializing, inhibiting and accepting change in quality of life increase in elderly men, which leads them to experience higher life expectancy.

In the development process, achieving a better life and increasing well-being is achieved by focusing on access to a life of health and knowledge. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial development on human development, including life expectancy and primary enrollment rates in developing countries by gender in the period 2016-2020. The experimental model of this research was estimated using the Generalized method of Moments (GMM) panel method and the variables of facilities granted to the private sector, the ratio of money to GDP, the degree of openness of the economy, the effect of educational expenditures and health expenditures. The results of model estimation indicate that the facilities granted to the private sector have a positive and significant effect on human capital. The effect of the ratio of money supply to GDP is negative due to the destructive effect of inflation on all models. The coefficient of degree of openness of the economy in all models (except the female registration rate) is positive and significant. Educational expenses have a positive and significant effect on the male and female registration rate as well as men's life expectancy. The effect of health expenditures is also positive and significant in most models (life expectancy of men and women as well as women's registration rate). Therefore, governments should pay attention to encouraging exports, reforming the tariff system based on encouraging the import of capital goods, currency stability, facilitating banking transactions, facilitating the conditions for opening letters of credit.

Purpose: Academic buoyancy is one of the effective variables in the academic field and learning environment of students. Therefore, the objective of this research was to design the academic buoyancy model based on life expectancy with the mediation of happiness in female high school students in Hamedan city. Methodology: The methodology of this research was correlational and SEM. The statistical population included all female students of the second secondary school in Hamedan city, and the statistical sample was selected based on the number of items used in the questionnaires as 370 people with the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Academic buoyancy (Hosseinchari and Dehghanizadeh, 2013), life expectancy (Hallajian, 2019), and Oxford happiness (Argyl et al., 1989) scales were used to collect data. For data analysis, a structural equation test was used in the PLS-3 software environment. Findings: The results showed that life expectancy has a direct and positive effect on academic buoyancy (β = 0.36, p <0.01) and happiness (β = 0.46, p < 0.01). Happiness also has a direct and significant effect on academic buoyancy (β = 0.34, p<0.01). Also, happiness has a significant mediating role in the relationship between life expectancy and academic buoyancy (β = 0.16, p<0.01). Conclusion: since life expectancy creates a more positive atmosphere, it can be effective in increasing the feeling of happiness, and happiness creates buoyancy in the academic environment, followed by an increase in academic buoyancy.

Life expectancy and infant mortality are two major indicators for assessing the efficiency of every social health system. The bulk of literature on health economics is related to unilateral influences of macroeconomic variables on health sector indices and less attention has been paid to bilateral and simultaneous effects. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the bilateral and simultaneous impacts of the key macroeconomic variables on life expectancy and infant mortality in Iran during 1981-2018. To this end, by considering the government’s health care expenditures and GINI coefficient, a system of simultaneous equations based on variables of life expectancy, infant mortality and economic growth is developed. The findings indicated that income growth per capita affects the growth of life expectancy index positively by 31%, but the growth of social-class differences or income inequality has a negative effect on this index. Moreover, the escalation of health care budget in Iran has led to slumps in infant mortality rate by 83%. Such outcome exhibits the significant role of government, parliament and legislature in approving and improving the budget of the Ministry of Health and facilitating achievement of higher social-health standards. Finally, findings of present study reflected the simultaneous and positive effects of improving growth of life expectancy and reverse effect of infant mortality growth indices on the economic growth of Iran. The estimations provided evidence on the interactions between enhancing the macroeconomic conditions and improving the health economy indicators and existence of a reinforcing loop between them.