درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

La lecture ou la compréhension écrite constituant une étape cruciale de l’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère, relève très souvent d’une gageure autant pour les enseignants que pour les apprenants. Et le défi sera plus grand lorsqu’il s’agit de la lecture des textes littéraires dans une langue qu’on déchiffre mal. Alors, comment faire comprendre les textes littéraires aux apprenants tout en les mettant dans une position active ? Peut-on lire des textes littéraires en classe de langue en suivant une méthodologie interactive ? Une telle méthodologie repose sur l’idée qu’un texte en langue étrangère contient des indices à prélever facilitant l’accès au sens et qu’il faut favoriser la réception du texte et la construction du sens par le lecteur avant et au cours de la lecture en l’incitant à produire des hypothèses. Cette présente étude vise à proposer des activités pédagogiques pour la lecture des textes littéraires en classe du FLE, issues de notre expérience professionnelle et selon une méthodologie interactive.

The purpose of the present study is to employ René Girard’s concept of “metaphysical desire” in a comparative study of Pinter’s The Lover and Stoppard’s The Real Thing. René Girard has investigated the idea of imitative desire in a rather distinguished way. He contends that the nature of desires is neither innate nor autonomous, but rather we borrow them from the others. He argues for the idea that human beings are always looking for stronger mediators to gratify their desires. The imitative desire itself, once satisfied, is not gratified and the search for stronger impulses or mediators always continues in a never-ending process that Gerard refers to as “metaphysical desire”. The present research intends to look for metaphysical desire in the lives of the characters, wherewith they can examine the role of the mediator in the characters’ lives as well. Since metaphysical desire, as Gerard argues, leads individuals either to perfection or destruction and alienation, the characters are shown to imitate their metaphysical desire leading them to experience destructive consequences and family corruption. Consequently, the characters who have pursued their metaphysical desire on the verge of a negative sideline all fail to enjoy a life they long for, and are subject to alienation and misfortunes within which they constantly experience great pains. The characters also turn into obstacle-addicts who, metamorphosed into masochists and losing their lives for good, find no chances to change life as they long for.

In the novel Cold Suran , a causal link between events is established by time. The disruption of the conventional sequence of time gives the novel a beginning from the end. Every incident in the novel is like a circle starting at one point, and returning to the same starting point after the story is narrated. Frequent travels in the memories of Sohrab (one of the main characters) have created a non-linear time in the novel. This study aims to analyze the novel Cold Suran based on the "temporality structure" view. This research was conducted using the qualitative content analysis method. After analyzing the novel based on the "temporality structure" approach and using various resources, it was concluded that Cold Suran corresponds to the "temporality structure" showing how Afhami uses nonlinear time. Sohrab's mindset and his confusion show his character. Afhami also gives individuality to characters embodying important elements such as family name, special time, material environment, the narrator's ego, and language.  

The subject of the present study is the metaphorical chain, a lesser-known characteristic of metaphorization in Khaghani's poetry. The purpose of this study is to better understand the ability of Khaghani odes, his specific techniques in metaphorization, the rhetorical capacities of the Persian language, and the elegance of Khaghani’s poetry. The statistical population was selected according to the version of Khaghani's odes emented by Mirjad al-Din al-Kaza'i, which contains 130 odes. The sample size was based on Cochran's formula and 97 odes were selected by simple random sampling using a random number table. The research method employed was descriptive-analytical. Data were obtained through the library and document analysis method and analyzed based on the content analysis technique. According to the research findings, in metaphorization, Khaghani used strange and far-fetched metaphors, hybrid metaphors, and metaphorical chains. The metaphorical chain is one of the lesser-known features of Persian literature and a stylistic feature of Khaghani’s poetry that distinguishes him from Iranian and Arab poets. Choosing the present tense with the transitive verb provided the poet with a metaphorical chain as exemplified in an 88-verse poem with the two motifs of the Prophet Mohamed's (p.b.u.h.) grave soil and praise of his poetry. In this poem, he succeeds in creating 44 metaphors for the grave of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and 14 metaphors in praising his poetry as a paradigmatic axis.